ethnographer
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
英语中从句有几种类型
Easter Island has long been the subject of curiosity and speculation. How and why did its inhabitants carve and transport the massive statues which surround the island? What remains of this culture today, and what lessons can we learn from their legacy? This page is a resource for information on the Internet about Easter Island, also known as "Rapa Nui" and "Isla de Pascua". 。
Easter Island is over 2,000 miles from the nearest population center, (Tahiti and Chile), making it one of the most isolated places on Earth. A triangle of volcanic rock in the South Pacific - it is best known for the giant stone monoliths, known as Moai, that dot the coastline. The early settlers called the island "Te Pito O Te Henua" (Navel of The World). Admiral Roggeveen, who came upon the island on Easter Day in 1722, named it Easter Island. Today, the land, people and language are all referred to locally as Rapa Nui.。
There has been much controversy and confusion concerning the origins of the Easter Islanders. Thor Heyerdahl proposed that the people who built the statues were of Peruvian descent, due to a similarity between Rapa Nui and Incan stonework. Some have suggested that Easter Island is the remnant of a lost continent, or the result of an extra-terrestrial influence . Archaeological evidence, however, indicates discovery of the island by Polynesians at about 400 AD - led, according to legend, by Hotu Matua. Upon their arrival, an impressive and enigmatic culture began to develop. In addition to the statues, the islanders possessed the Rongorongo script; the only written language in Oceania. The island is also home to many petroglyphs (rock carvings), as well as traditional wood carvings, tapa (barkcloth) crafts, tattooing, string figures, dance and music. 。
The population of Easter Island reached its peak at perhaps more than 10,000, far exceeding the capabilities of the small island's ecosystem. Resources became scarce, and the once lush palm forests were destroyed - cleared for agriculture and moving the massive stone Moai. In this regard, Easter Island has become, for many, a metaphor for ecological disaster.。
Thereafter, a thriving and advanced social order began to decline into bloody civil war and, evidently, cannibalism. Eventually, all of the Moai standing along the coast were torn down by the islanders themselves. All of the statues now erected around the island are the result of recent archaeological efforts. 。
Contacts with western "civilization" proved even more disastrous for the island population which, through slavery and disease, had decreased to approximately 110 by the turn of the century. Following the annexation by Chile in 1888, however, it has risen to more than 2,000, with other Rapanui living in Chile, Tahiti and North America. Despite a growing Chilean presence, the island's Polynesian identity is still quite strong .。
Easter Island today, remains one of the most unique places you will ever encounter; an open air museum showcasing a fascinating, but unfortunately lost, culture. The Rapanui are among the friendliest people you will ever meet, and the landscape is truly amazing - with its volcanic craters, lava formations, beaches, brilliant blue water, and archaeological sites .。
抱起亚轩找小葵
谁帮我整理出所有英语从句的用法?
英语中从句有6类，分别为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1、主语从句（Subject Clause）
用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
2、表语从句（Predicative Clause）
用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词很多都一样。
3、宾语从句（Object Clause）
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
4、同位语从句
是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系就是同位关系，即主表关系。
5、定语从句
是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
6、状语从句
用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、 条件、 原因、让步、目的、结果、 方式、比较状语从句等。
大圣杰锅是
菊花与刀 英文概要
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
主语从句用作主语，如：：
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如：
Do you know where he lives? 。
表语从句用作表语，如：
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。（that从句用于解释说明the fact）
定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John. 。
状语从句相当于一个副词，如：
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，＋主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：
I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。
He likes playing football very mucy. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。
语 法 结 构-- 从 句
内 容 提 要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
I 定 语 从 句
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 。
1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830． 。
〔A〕 that it could 。
〔B〕 could it
〔C〕 it could
〔D〕 that could 。
2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun． 。
〔A〕 takes
〔B〕 takes it
〔C〕 which takes 。
〔D〕 he takes
3) The period during when 〔A〕 people learned 〔B〕 to melt iron is called 〔C〕 the 〔D〕 Iron Age． 。
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 。
4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. 。
〔A〕 where
〔B〕 of which
〔C〕 during which 。
〔D〕 that
5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish. 。
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 which
〔C〕 of which
〔D〕 that
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略(见本节“四、关系代词的省略”) 。
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 。
6) Henry Ford is the person 〔A〕 which 〔B〕 is most responsible 〔C〕 for developing 〔D〕 the idea of mass production. 。
7) Human beings are social 〔A〕 animals whom 〔B〕 usually prefer not to live in 〔C〕 physical or psychological isolation 〔D〕 ． 。
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 。
8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life． 。
〔A〕 there
〔B〕 where
〔C〕 after
〔D〕 in
9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg． 。
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 where
〔C〕 why
〔D〕 which
10) A metropolitan region 〔A〕 is defined as a central 〔B〕 city and the territory where 〔C〕 surrounds 〔D〕 it． 。
6. when引导定语从句表示时间 。
11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. 。
〔A〕 as
〔B〕 when
〔C〕 because
〔D〕 that
12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. 。
〔A〕 whose
〔B〕 during
〔C〕 when
〔D〕 of
13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride. 。
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 whether
〔C〕 more
〔D〕 ever
〔注〕 值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. ／ I still remember the first time I met her. ／ Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 。
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 。
14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come. 。
〔A〕 which
〔B〕 its
〔C〕 that
〔D〕 whose
15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few 〔A〕 jazz musicians who 〔B〕 style of playing 〔C〕 has kept pace with the evolution 〔D〕 of modern jazz． 。
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 。
16) I don't want to concentrate on anything worrying me. 。
〔A〕 what is
〔B〕 there is
〔C〕 what
〔D〕 there
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 。
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which 。
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 。
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 。
17) Ligaments(韧带)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together． 。
〔A〕 which are fibrous tissues 。
〔B〕 they are fibrous tissues 。
〔C〕 fibrous tissues that 。
〔D〕 are fibrous tissues 。
18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945． 。
〔A〕 who died
〔B〕 died
〔C〕 while died 。
〔D〕 he died
19) The first United States citizen to become 〔A〕 a professional 〔B〕 sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which 〔C〕 works were executed in wax 〔D〕 ． 。
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
20) The adder is a snake has 〔A〕 a relatively 〔B〕 stout body， a short tail 〔C〕 ， and a flat head 〔D〕 ． 。
2. 从句中缺成分
21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid 〔A〕 little attention to cultural interpretations given to 〔B〕 silence， or to 〔C〕 the types of social contexts in which tends 〔D〕 to occur． 。
四、连接代词的省略
22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower． 。
〔A〕 can
〔B〕 they can
〔C〕 which can
〔D〕 and
五、例题解析
1) D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。
2) C为正确答案。
3) A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。
4) C为正确答案。
5) C为正确答案。
6) B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。
7) B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。
8) B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。
9) B对。空白后为定语从句，从句中的主谓宾语都已齐全，where作从句中的地点状语，相当于in the joint，整个从句修饰“the joint”。
10) C错。改为which或that。这里是一个定语从句，修饰前面的the territory(区域)，虽然被修饰成分表示一个地点，但若用where代替in the territory在从句中作地点状语，从句中便没有了主语，这显然不对。改用which后，便可由它作从句中的主语，代the territory；从句中的it代上文中的a central city。
11) B为正确答案。
12) C为正确答案。
13) A为正确答案。
14) D为正确答案。这里whose修饰名词短语“open mouth，” 这时“whose open mouth”一起作介词“of”的宾语。
15) B错。who应当在定语从句中作主语，而从句中已有主语style of playing(演奏风格)，故应将who改为whose，用whose修饰style，指代上文中的人名，相当于his。
16) B为正确答案。
17) A对。空白处是which引导的定语从句修饰主句的主语ligaments，which作从句的主语，主句的主语(ligaments)和谓语(hold)被定语从句所隔开。
18) A对。本句是关系代词who引导的非限定性定语从句，who指代前面的被修饰成分President Franklin D. Roosevelt并在从句中作主语。
19) C错。应改用whose，修饰从句中的主语works，whose相当于his。
20) A错。本句已有谓语动词is，而后面又出现动词has，显然不合语法，故应在snake和has之间加上关系代词which或that构成定语从句修饰snake，which作从句的主语。
21) D错。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”，which在从句中已经是介词in的宾语，这样从句中便没有了主语，故应在which后加代词it(代silence)，即变为“in which it tends…”，用it作从句的主语，这样句子才完整。
22) B对。关系代词作限定性定语从句中的宾语时可以省略，本句被修饰词anything后就省去了“that”；C是不对的，首先，C中的which作从句的主语，而从句中的动词(作谓语)capture and overpower都为及物动词，可后面没有宾语，这样句子便不完整；其次，如果被修饰成分为不定代词(anything, all等)，或修饰成分前有形容词最高级以及限定性较强的形容词修饰时(the very，the only，the same，the first，the last，the tallest)，应使用关系代词that，而不用which。
小韩在追星
分不清从句类型
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: 。
Patterns of Japanese Culture is an influential study of Japan by Ruth Benedict begun in 1944 at the invitation of the Office of War Information in order to understand and predict the behavior of the Japanese in World War II . The book was influential in shaping American ideas about Japanese culture during the Occupation of Japan, and popularized the distinction between guilt cultures and shame cultures. 。
Although it has received sometimes harsh criticism, the book has continued to be influential. Two anthropologists wrote in 1992 that there is "a sense in which all of us have been writing footnotes to [Chrysanthemum] since it appeared in 1946". 。
The book also affected Japanese conceptions of themselves when it was translated into Japanese in 1948. In 2005, fifteen years after it was translated into Chinese, the book became a bestseller in the People's Republic of China when relations with Japan soured. 。
Research circumstances 。
This book which resulted from Benedict's wartime research, like several other OWI wartime studies of Japan and Germany, [4] is an instance of "anthropology at a distance," that is, study of a culture through its literature, newspaper clippings, films and recordings, and extensive interviews with German-Americans or Japanese-Americans. These techniques were made necessary when anthropologists were unable to visit Nazi Germany or wartime Japan. As one later ethnographer pointed out, however, although "culture at a distance" had the "elaborate aura of a good academic fad, the method was not so different from what any good historian does: to make the most creative use possible of written documents." [5] These anthropologists were attempting to understand the cultural patterns that might be driving the aggression of once friendly nations, and hoped to find possible weaknesses or means of persuasion that had been missed. 。
Americans found themselves unable to comprehend matters in Japanese culture. For instance, Americans considered it quite natural for American prisoners of war to want their families to know they were alive, and to keep quiet when asked for information about troop movements, etc., while Japanese POWs, apparently, gave information freely and did not try to contact their families. Why was that? 。
[edit] Criticism 。
One critic[who?] has written that The Chrysanthemum and the Sword is "long since... discredited since Benedict had no direct experience in Japan" and described it as "considered shallow and overtly racist". 。
C. Douglas Lummis has written: "After some time I realized that I would never be able to live in a decent relationship with the people of that country unless I could drive this book, and its politely arrogant world view, out of my head."[6] 。
Lummis, who went to the Vassar College archives to review Benedict’s notes, wrote that he found some of her more important points were developed from interviews with Robert Hashima a Japanese-American native of the United States who was taken to Japan as a child, educated there, then returned to the U.S. before World War II began. According to Lummis, who interviewed Hashima, these circumstances helped introduce a certain bias into Benedict's research: "For him, coming to Japan for the first time as a teenager smack in the middle of the militaristic period and having no memory of the country before then, what he was taught in school was not 'an ideology', it was Japan itself." Lummis thinks Benedict relied too much on Hashima, who he said was deeply alienated by his experiences in Japan. "[I]t seems that he became a kind of touchstone, the authority against which she would test information from other sources." [6]。
简单的那就看前三段
小韩在追星
英语Greetings Adventurer怎么翻译？
1.
语 法 结 构-- 从 句
内 容 提 要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
I 定 语 从 句
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 。
1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830． 。
〔A〕 that it could 。
〔B〕 could it
〔C〕 it could
〔D〕 that could 。
2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun． 。
〔A〕 takes
〔B〕 takes it
〔C〕 which takes 。
〔D〕 he takes
3) The period during when 〔A〕 people learned 〔B〕 to melt iron is called 〔C〕 the 〔D〕 Iron Age． 。
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 。
4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. 。
〔A〕 where
〔B〕 of which
〔C〕 during which 。
〔D〕 that
5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish. 。
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 which
〔C〕 of which
〔D〕 that
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略(见本节“四、关系代词的省略”) 。
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 。
6) Henry Ford is the person 〔A〕 which 〔B〕 is most responsible 〔C〕 for developing 〔D〕 the idea of mass production. 。
7) Human beings are social 〔A〕 animals whom 〔B〕 usually prefer not to live in 〔C〕 physical or psychological isolation 〔D〕 ． 。
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 。
8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life． 。
〔A〕 there
〔B〕 where
〔C〕 after
〔D〕 in
9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg． 。
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 where
〔C〕 why
〔D〕 which
10) A metropolitan region 〔A〕 is defined as a central 〔B〕 city and the territory where 〔C〕 surrounds 〔D〕 it． 。
6. when引导定语从句表示时间 。
11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. 。
〔A〕 as
〔B〕 when
〔C〕 because
〔D〕 that
12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. 。
〔A〕 whose
〔B〕 during
〔C〕 when
〔D〕 of
13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride. 。
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 whether
〔C〕 more
〔D〕 ever
〔注〕 值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. ／ I still remember the first time I met her. ／ Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 。
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 。
14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come. 。
〔A〕 which
〔B〕 its
〔C〕 that
〔D〕 whose
15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few 〔A〕 jazz musicians who 〔B〕 style of playing 〔C〕 has kept pace with the evolution 〔D〕 of modern jazz． 。
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 。
16) I don't want to concentrate on anything worrying me. 。
〔A〕 what is
〔B〕 there is
〔C〕 what
〔D〕 there
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 。
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which 。
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 。
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 。
17) Ligaments(韧带)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together． 。
〔A〕 which are fibrous tissues 。
〔B〕 they are fibrous tissues 。
〔C〕 fibrous tissues that 。
〔D〕 are fibrous tissues 。
18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945． 。
〔A〕 who died
〔B〕 died
〔C〕 while died 。
〔D〕 he died
19) The first United States citizen to become 〔A〕 a professional 〔B〕 sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which 〔C〕 works were executed in wax 〔D〕 ． 。
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
20) The adder is a snake has 〔A〕 a relatively 〔B〕 stout body， a short tail 〔C〕 ， and a flat head 〔D〕 ． 。
2. 从句中缺成分
21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid 〔A〕 little attention to cultural interpretations given to 〔B〕 silence， or to 〔C〕 the types of social contexts in which tends 〔D〕 to occur． 。
四、连接代词的省略
22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower． 。
〔A〕 can
〔B〕 they can
〔C〕 which can
〔D〕 and
五、例题解析
1) D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。
2) C为正确答案。
3) A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。
4) C为正确答案。
5) C为正确答案。
6) B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。
7) B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。
8) B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。
9) B对。空白后为定语从句，从句中的主谓宾语都已齐全，where作从句中的地点状语，相当于in the joint，整个从句修饰“the joint”。
10) C错。改为which或that。这里是一个定语从句，修饰前面的the territory(区域)，虽然被修饰成分表示一个地点，但若用where代替in the territory在从句中作地点状语，从句中便没有了主语，这显然不对。改用which后，便可由它作从句中的主语，代the territory；从句中的it代上文中的a central city。
11) B为正确答案。
12) C为正确答案。
13) A为正确答案。
14) D为正确答案。这里whose修饰名词短语“open mouth，” 这时“whose open mouth”一起作介词“of”的宾语。
15) B错。who应当在定语从句中作主语，而从句中已有主语style of playing(演奏风格)，故应将who改为whose，用whose修饰style，指代上文中的人名，相当于his。
16) B为正确答案。
17) A对。空白处是which引导的定语从句修饰主句的主语ligaments，which作从句的主语，主句的主语(ligaments)和谓语(hold)被定语从句所隔开。
18) A对。本句是关系代词who引导的非限定性定语从句，who指代前面的被修饰成分President Franklin D. Roosevelt并在从句中作主语。
19) C错。应改用whose，修饰从句中的主语works，whose相当于his。
20) A错。本句已有谓语动词is，而后面又出现动词has，显然不合语法，故应在snake和has之间加上关系代词which或that构成定语从句修饰snake，which作从句的主语。
21) D错。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”，which在从句中已经是介词in的宾语，这样从句中便没有了主语，故应在which后加代词it(代silence)，即变为“in which it tends…”，用it作从句的主语，这样句子才完整。
22) B对。关系代词作限定性定语从句中的宾语时可以省略，本句被修饰词anything后就省去了“that”；C是不对的，首先，C中的which作从句的主语，而从句中的动词(作谓语)capture and overpower都为及物动词，可后面没有宾语，这样句子便不完整；其次，如果被修饰成分为不定代词(anything, all等)，或修饰成分前有形容词最高级以及限定性较强的形容词修饰时(the very，the only，the same，the first，the last，the tallest)，应使用关系代词that，而不用which。
2.
分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类 。
根据英语从句在句子中的句法作用，从句可分为三类：名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。通过对引导从句的各种引导词进行观察，我们不难发现，有的从句可以直接从引导词的形式和意义上来区分。如：Though the old man is over seventy, he still sees well and hears well. 我们一读此句，就可以认定，由Though引导的从句是一个让步状语从句。因为though只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导其它从句，但是有些引导词却能引导多种从句。如引导词when：既可以引导时间状语从句又可以引导定语从句，还可以引导名词性从句。此外，象that，where等，三类从句均可引导；who既可引导定语从句，又可引导名词性从句；so that 即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句……因此，这些形同义不同的引导词给我们理解、掌握、运用各种从句带来了很大困难。另外，搞不清楚从句在句子中所起的作用，就不能正确理解原文。那么，怎样正确区分各种形同义不同的引导词引导的从句呢？
1、 分析句子结构以区虽从句的种类 遇到一个复合句，首先要分析其句子结构，看从句在整个句子中起什么作用，那么它就是什么从句。
2、 分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类 that这个词即是引导同位语从句，又可引导定语从句，这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似，如何区分呢？ 区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是，看that在从句中是否充当句子成分，若that在从句中不充当任何成分，则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语，则为定语从句。
3、 根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类 定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词，如：the film；the student；the book；a house等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词，如fact、idea、promise、truth等，用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。
4、 根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类 宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的，所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。
5、 根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类 如so that即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，如何区分呢？主要从以下两点来区分。 ①根据上下文意义判断。“以便……”表示目的，是目的状语从句，“以致于……”，“结果……”表示结果，是结果状语从句。 ②从结构形式上来分辨。so that前有逗号，为结果状语从句，反之，则为目的状语从句。有时，so that前无逗号，这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should 等情态动词，如果有，则多是目的状语从句，若没有，则多是结果状语从句 。
详细的可以看：）~~
http://bbs.61.fm/t/1-94528.htm。