submiss-20

急切想找一篇关于惩罚性赔偿制度的英语文章，要求翻译成汉字大概有5000左右，请帮帮忙

猫在跌落时能够大难不死是有事实作为依据的.。

is 是整个句子的动词，译为“是”

ability to survive falls 幸免于坠落的能力。

be based on …. 在……的基础上。

ability n.能力, 才干。

欢迎继续提问。

还有，为了方便你的理解，附上全文。

Lesson 9 Flying cats 飞猫。

Cats never fail to fascinate human beings. 。

猫总能引起人们的极大兴趣。

fascinate[5fAsineit]vt.使着迷, 使神魂颠倒vi.入迷, 极度迷人的。

fascination[fAsI5neIF(E)n]n.魔力, 入迷, 魅力, 迷恋, 强烈爱好。

fail[feil]vi.失败, 不及格, 忘记vt.使失望, 舍弃, 辜负, 不及格n.不及格, 不及格者。

never fail 这是一个双重否定， 意思是从来没有失败过，可以表示为“总能”

human being n.人类。

They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, 。

but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well. 。

它们可以对人友好，充满柔情。但是，它们又有自己神秘的生活方式。

Lead v. 带领，领路，但此处意为“过某种生活”

mysterious[mis5tiEriEs]adj.神秘的。

mysterious lives of their own自己神秘的生活方式。

They never become submissive like dogs and horses. 。

它们从不像狗和马一样变得那么顺从。

submissive[sEb5misiv]adj.顺从的 。

submiss[sEb5mis][古]恭顺的， 卑下的。

missive[5misiv]n.信件。

As a result, humans have learned to respect feline independence. 。

结果是人们已经学会尊重猫的独立性。

as a result adv.结果。

respect[ris5pekt]n.尊敬, 敬重, 注意, 考虑, 尊重, 关系, 有关, 敬意vt.尊敬, 尊重, 不防碍feline[5fi:lain]adj.猫的, 猫科的, 猫一样的n.猫科的动物。

independence[7indi5pendEns]n.独立, 自主。

independent[indi5pendEnt]n.中立派, 无党派者adj.独立自主的, 不受约束的。

depend[di5pend]vi.依靠, 依赖。

feline independence 猫的独立性。

Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their lives. 。

在它们的一生中，大多数猫都对人存有戒心。

suspicious[sEs5piFEs]adj.(～ of) 可疑的, 怀疑的。

suspicion[sEs5piFEn]n.猜疑, 怀疑。

remain 在此处为系动词，be suspicious of 对…表示怀疑。

One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives. 。

最使我们感兴趣的一件事情就是一种通俗的信念--猫有九条命。

One of the things that fascinates us most about cats （关于猫）最使我们感兴趣的一件事情。

the things that fascinates us most 最吸引我们的事情。

popular[5pCpjulE]adj.通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的。

belief[bi5li:f]n.信任, 信心, 信仰 believe[bi5li:v]v.相信, 信任, 认为, 想。

the popular belief 通俗的信念。

Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea. 。

显然，这种说法里面包含着许多真实性。

a good deal of 许多，往往修饰不可数名词。

apparently[E5pArEntlI]adv.显然地。

apparent[E5pArEnt]adj.显然的, 外观上的。

parent[5pZErEnt]n.双亲, 父亲(或母亲)。

A cat's ability to survive falls is based on fact. 。

猫在跌落时能够大难不死是有事实作为依据的。

ability to survive falls 幸免于坠落的能力。

be based on …. 在……的基础上。

ability[E5biliti]n.能力, 才干。

Recently the New York Animal Medical Center made a study of 132 cats over a period of five months. 。

最近，纽约动物医疗中心对132只猫进行了为期5个月的综合研究。

the New York Animal Medical Center 纽约动物医疗中心。

a period of five months 为期5个月。

period[5piEriEd]n.时期, 学时, 节, 句点, 周期 adj.过去某段时期的int.没有了。

All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of them died from shock or injuries. 。

所有这些猫有一个共同的经历：它们都曾从高层建筑上摔下来过，但只有其中的8只猫死于震荡或跌伤。

one experience in common: 一个共同的经历。

experience[iks5piEriEns]n.vt.经验, 体验, 经历, 阅历。

Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage of tall buildings. 。

当然，纽约是进行这种有趣的试验的一个理想的地方，因为那里根本不缺乏高楼大厦，

no shortage 不缺乏 （双重否定） shortage[5FC:tidV]n.不足, 缺乏。

There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from! 。

有的是高层的窗槛从上往下坠落。

plenty of 相当多的 plenty[5plenti]n.丰富, 大量。

high-rise adj.(建筑物)超高层的, 高楼的n.高楼, 大厦。

windowsill n. 窗沿, 窗台。

plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from。

One cat, Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet only suffered from a broken tooth. 。

有一只叫萨伯瑞的猫从32层楼上掉下来，但只摔断一颗牙。

suffer from v. 忍受, 遭受。

'Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers.' a doctor said. 。

“猫就像训练有素的跳伞队员，” 一位医生说。

well-trained 训练有素的。

paratrooper[5pArEtru:pE(r)]n.伞兵。

trooper[5tru:pE(r)]n.骑兵, 骑警, 伞兵。

It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves. 。

看起来，猫跌落的距离越长，它们就越不会伤害自己。

The further cats fall, the less they are likely to inure themselves.。

“the more … the more”的结构，表示两个过程按比例同时递增，相当于汉语中的“越……越”。如：

The more you eat, the fatter you will be. 你会越吃越胖的。

In a long drop, they reach speeds of 60 miles an hour and more. 。

在一个长长的跌落过程中，它们可以达到每小时60里甚至更快的速度。

speeds of 60 miles an hour每小时60里的速度。

speeds of 60 miles an hour and more 每小时60里甚至更快的速度。

At high speeds, falling cats have time to relax. 。

在高速下落中，猫有时间放松自己。

They stretch out their legs like flying squirrels. 。

它们伸展四肢，就像飞行中的松鼠一样。

stretch[stretF]v.伸展, 伸长n.一段时间, 一段路程, 伸展。

stretch out v. 伸手, 开始大踏步走, 伸展。

strategy[5strAtidVi]n.策略, 军略。

straight[streit]adj.直的。

squirrel[5skwirEl]n.松鼠v.贮藏。

This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact when they hit the ground. 。

这样就加大了空气阻力，并减少了它们着地时冲击力带来的震动。

increase[in5kri:s]n.增加, 增大, 增长vt.增加, 加大vi.增加, 繁殖。

crease[kri:s]n.折缝, 折痕v.折, 弄皱。

air-resistance 空气阻力。

reduce[ri5dju:s]vt.减少, 缩小, 简化, 还原 。

produce[prE5dju:s]n.产物, 农产品。

introduce[7intrE5dju:s]vt.介绍。

resist[ri5zist]vt.抵抗, 反抗, 抗, 忍得住。

resistance[ri5zistEns]n.反抗, 抵抗, 抵抗力, 阻力, 电阻, 阻抗。

impact[5impAkt]n.碰撞, 冲击, 冲突, 影响, 效果vt.挤入, 撞击, 压紧, 对...发生影响。

pact[pAkt]n.合同, 公约, 协定。

如果你能准确的说出 文章名字，最好有 citation，source, author，哪个law review，或journal， 我可能帮你在westlaw 或 lexis上找到。 还有，你不如去找找经济方面的书，可能多少会有些启发。

简介1：

Punitive damages are often awarded in tortious interference cases.[FN2] But only one case is known in which punitive damages were awarded based on a finding of nominal, instead of actual, damages.[FN3]。

Some cases require only intentional conduct as the basis for an award of punitive damages, although intentional conduct is required in any case as an element of the tort.[FN4] In Ross v. Holton,[FN5] for example, the court said:。

In the area of intentional torts a submissible punitive damages question is made for the jury once the plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence of legal malice—the intentional doing of a wrongful act without just cause or excuse …. [T]his is an element of intentional interference with contract, and as we noted earlier, Ross presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably find that Maisel acted with legal malice. Since Ross presented sufficient evidence to submit the punitive damages question to the jury, the trial court erred when it directed a verdict against him.。

Once a submissible tortious interference case is made the amount of punitive damages to be awarded is wholly within the discretion of the jury, and a court cannot interfere with the jury's assessment of punitive damages unless there is an abuse of discretion, or the size of the award is indicative of passion, prejudice or bias ….。

But some jurisdictions have established a more elevated threshold:[FN6] e.g., a requirement of independently tortious conduct,[FN7] actual malice,[FN8] a bad motive,[FN9] reckless disregard for the rights of others,[FN10] or at least conduct above and beyond the basic behavior which is required to constitute the tort of interference.[FN11]。

In many cases the amount of the punitive damage award has greatly exceeded the actual damages.[FN12] Some courts have even allowed an award of punitive damages where the actual damages were nominal,[FN13] although others have refused to do so.[FN14]。

But there are limits.[FN15] As one court has said:。

A punitive damages award is considered excessive when the amount of damages is out of proportion to the degree of malice or wantonness of the defendant's conduct in relation to the defendant's financial worth …. The award of $2 million is.4% of USI's net worth of $520 million …. Thus, the district court properly allowed Gregg an amount of punitive damages commensurate with the degree of USI's offensive conduct and in proportion to its financial worth.[FN16]。

There are also federal constitutional limits on punitive damages, and an award of such damages in a tortious interference case has been reversed altogether on such grounds.[FN16.50]。

In those cases where it is held that tortious interference is a violation of a state unfair or deceptive practices statute, the plaintiff may be entitled to statutory treble damages and/or an award of attorney fees.[FN17]。

简介2

Exemplary or punitive damages, if permissible under the rule prevailing in the particular jurisdiction,[FN1] may, as a penalty[FN2] and as a deterrent to others inclined to commit similar acts,[FN3] be awarded, in the discretion of the jury,[FN4] in an action for defamation.[FN5] Such damages may be awarded whether the defamation is actionable per se or per quod.[FN6] Punitive damages in a defamation case are justified to punish a person for outrageous conduct which is malicious, wanton, reckless, or in willful disregard for another's rights.[FN7]。

The United States Supreme Court has defined the limitations on the awarding of punitive damages, holding that, while the First Amendment guaranty of free speech and press allows a state to impose, in defamation suits brought by private individuals, liability on the publisher or broadcaster of defamatory falsehoods on a less-demanding showing than in such suits brought by a public person, the states may not permit recovery, in a case involving a matter of public concern,[FN8] of presumed or punitive damages when liability is not based on knowledge of falsity or on reckless disregard of the truth.[FN9]。

In some jurisdictions, statutes restrict recoveries to actual damages in the event of a prompt and full retraction.[FN10] For example, no punitive damages would be awarded where a newspaper printed a full and fair retraction of an erroneous report concerning a debt owed by the plaintiff, and compensatory damages were awarded for the negligence of the reporter.[FN11] On the other hand, a refusal to retract after a proper demand therefor is evidence of malice, which, along with other proof, may be sufficient to support an award of punitive damages.[FN12] Punitive damages may, in a proper case, be awarded to a corporate plaintiff.[FN13]。

Some jurisdictions do not allow the recovery of punitive damages in defamation actions.[FN14]。

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