onomatopoeic-80

Dodo bird

好吧，在这里我只能给你古典音乐，摇滚音乐的还有爵士的介绍了，希望你采纳啊！！很辛苦得我~~~。

1.摇滚乐

Rock music began in the United States in 1950’s, but it has influenced and in turn been shaped by a broad field of cultures and musical traditions, including gospel music, the blues, country-and-western music, classical music, folk music, electronic music, and the popular music of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In addition to its use as a broad designation, the term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 predominantly influenced by white musicians. 。

There is basic agreement that rock is a form of music with a strong beat, but it is difficult to be much more explicit. The Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, based on a vast database of British usage, suggests that rock is a kind of music with simple tunes and a very strong beat that is played and sung, usually loudly, by a small group of people with electric guitars and drums, but there are so many exceptions to this description that it is practically useless. 。

Other major rock-music styles include rock and roll, the first genre of the music; and rhythm-and-blues music (R&B), influenced mainly by black American musicians. Each of these major genres encompasses a variety of substyles, such as heavy metal, punk, alternative, and grunge. While innovations in rock music have often occurred in regional centers such as New York City; Kingston, Jamaica; and Liverpool, England, the influence of rock music is now felt worldwide.。

2.古典乐

Classical music is probably more familiar than we might at first imagine. Indeed, nowadays it is all around us, whether it be in restaurants, supermarkets, lifts, for advertising or as theme and incidental music on television. A great deal of film music either directly uses or draws from the 'classical' tradition; a good example of the former might be '2001: Space Odyssey', and of the latter, the many scores John Williams has composed in recent years for such blockbusters as the Star Wars and Indiana Jones trilogies. 。

In the vast and wide-ranging world of 'classical' music there is truly something there for everyone - pieces which once discovered represent the start of an exciting and irresistible journey which will provide a lifetime's listening pleasure. For example, those who are particularly excited by hearing instrumentalists working at full stretch will thrill to the likes of Liszt and Paganini, or if something a little more reserved and self-contained is required, the chamber music of Haydn or Mozart would be a good starting point. If a full symphony orchestra in overdrive is more to your taste then Tchaikovsky or Richard Strauss could well fit the bill, whereas those who have already warmed to Vivaldi's 'Four Seasons' might well try the music of some of the great Italian's contemporaries such as Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach or Domenico Scarlatti. Whatever your tastes may be, there has never been a better time to start building a 'classical' music collection on CD. 。

Any attempt to define what is meant literally by the term 'classical' music is fraught with difficulty. How does one encapsulate in just a few words a musical tradition which encompasses such infinite varieties of style and expression, from the monastic intonings of Gregorian chant to the laid-back jazz inflections of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, from the elegant poise of Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik to the despairing, heightened emotionalism of Tchaikovsky's "Pathetique" Symphony? One is treading on very dangerous ground indeed if one pre-supposes that it is simply 'superior' to other musical types such as popular, jazz, rock and the like, let alone the music of other cultures. 。

In general 'popular' music may be as clear in expression as the longer examples of 'classical' music. One important difference, however, lies in the logical connection that exists in 'classical ' music between the beginning and end, with the latter a logical extension and development of the former. 'Popular' music, on the other hand, tends to present its material without development, the music ending when interest is exhausted. 。

Sadly, whilst 'classical' music is socially undivisive in itself, it has unfortunately become associated in most people's minds with the intellectual elite. Even now, and with certain honourable exceptions, the attending of a 'live' concert can be an intimidating (not to say costly) experience for the uninitiated, especially in that most jealously guarded of establishments, the opera house. The wonderful thing about the technological age in which we live, and particularly the advent of the compact disc, is that we can bypass all irrelevant social and intellectual pretence, and enjoy in the comfort of our own home (often at far less cost) some of the finest music ever composed. 。

With such a breathtaking variety of material available, it is an awesome task to know just where to begin your disc collection, and as a result expensive mistakes are often made as tempting looking purchases turn out to be something of a disappointment. This is where the Naxos catalogue really comes into its own, and where it is hoped this guide will help prospective purchasers to make an informed choice about the kind of music they are likely to enjoy. 。

The Naxos label provides a library of high quality performances of music by the great masters in modern digital sound; accompanied by authoritative and user-friendly booklet notes and at the lowest possible price. There are already nearly 600 titles from which to choose, and with new releases emerging at the rate of about eight every month, even the enthusiastic collector is well and truly catered for. With every historical period and genre covered, there is something in the Naxos catalogue for everyone, especially those who wish to build a truly representative collection of the central masterworks in the 'classical' tradition. 。

3.爵士

Born in America, jazz can be seen as a reflection of the cultural diversity and individualism of this country. At its core are openness to all influences, and personal expression through improvisation. Throughout its history, jazz has straddled the worlds of popular music and art music, and it has expanded to a point where its styles are so varied that one may sound completely unrelated to another. First performed in bars, jazz can now be heard in clubs, concert halls, universities, and large festivals all over the world. 。

The Birth of Jazz:。

New Orleans, Louisiana around the turn of the 20th century was a melting pot of cultures. A major port city, people from all over the world came together there, and as a result, musicians were exposed to a variety of music. European classical music, American blues, and South American songs and rhythms came together to form what became known as jazz. The origin of the word jazz is widely disputed, although it is thought to have originally been a sexual term. 。

Louis Armstrong:。

One thing that makes jazz music so unique is that it’s focus on improvisation. Louis Armstrong, a trumpet player from New Orleans, is considered the father of modern jazz improvisation. His trumpet solos were melodic and playful, and filled with energy that could only result from being composed on the spot. A leader of several groups in the 1920s and 30s, Armstrong inspired countless others to make the music their own by developing a personal style of improvisation. 。

Expansion:

Thanks to early records, the music of Armstrong and others in New Orleans could reach a broad radio audience. The music’s popularity began to increase as did its sophistication, and major cultural centers around the country began to feature jazz bands. Chicago, Kansas City, and New York had the most thriving music scenes in the 1940s, where dance halls were filled with fans that came to see large jazz ensembles. This period is known as the Swing Era, referring to the lilting “swing” rhythms employed by the Big Bands.。

Bebop:

Big Bands gave musicians the opportunity to experiment with different approaches to improvisation. While members of a Big Band, saxophonist Charlie Parker and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie began to develop a highly virtuosic and harmonically advanced style known as "Bebop," an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythmic punches heard in the music. Parker and Gillespie performed their music in small ensembles all over the country, and musicians flocked to hear the new direction jazz was taking. The intellectual approach and technical facility of these pioneers of Bebop has set the standard for today’s jazz musicians. 。

Jazz Today:

Jazz is a highly developed art form that continues to evolve and expand in numerous directions. The music of each decade sounds fresh and distinct from the music that preceded it. Since the days of bebop, the jazz scene has included avant-garde music, Latin jazz, jazz/rock fusion, and countless other styles. Jazz today is so diverse and broad that there is something unique and interesting about every artist’s style.。

全国2005年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题及答案

The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) was a flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. Related to pigeons and doves, it stood about a metre (three feet) tall and weighed about 20 kilograms (44 pounds), lived on fruit and nested on the ground.。

The dodo has been extinct since the mid-to-late 17th century.[1] It is commonly used as the archetype of an extinct species because its extinction occurred during recorded human history, and was directly attributable to human activity. The adjective phrase "as dead as a dodo" means undoubtedly and unquestionably dead. The verb phrase "to go the way of the dodo" means to become extinct or obsolete, to fall out of common usage or practice, or to become a thing of the past.。

Contents [hide]。

1 Etymology

1.1 Systematics and evolution 。

1.2 Morphology and flightlessness 。

1.3 Diet

1.4 Extinction 。

2 Cultural significance 。

3 References

4 See also

5 External links 。

[edit] Etymology。

The etymology of the word dodo is not clear. However, there is a consensus that the name is probably pejorative. Some ascribe it to the Portuguese word dodoor for "sluggard". It may be related to dodaers ("plump-arse"), the Dutch name of the Little Grebe. The connection may have been made because of similar feathers of the hind end or because both animals were ungainly. However, the Dutch are also known to have called the Mauritius bird the walghvogel ("loathsome bird" or "nauseating fowl") in reference to its taste. This last name was used for the first time in the journal of vice-admiral Wybrand van Warwijck who visited and named the island Mauritius in 1598. Dodo or Dodaerse is recorded in captain Willem van West-Zanen's journal four years later,[2] but it is unclear whether he was the first one to use this name, because before the Dutch, the Portuguese had already visited the island in 1507, but did not settle permanently.。

According to Encarta Dictionary and Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, "dodo" comes from Portuguese doudo (currently doido) meaning "fool" or "crazy".[3] However, the present Portuguese name for the bird, dodô, is of English origin. The Portuguese word doudo or doido may itself be a loanword from Old English (cf. English "dolt").。

Yet another possibility is that dodo was an onomatopoeic approximation of the bird's own call, a two-note pigeony sound like "doo-doo".[4]。

[edit] Systematics and evolution。

Probably the earliest accurate drawings of a dodo (1601–1603). 。

An illustration by Moghul artist Ustad Mansur, one of the first illustrations of the DodoThe dodo was a close relative of modern pigeons and doves. mtDNA cytochrome b and 12S rRNA sequences[5] analysis suggests that the dodo's ancestors diverged from those of its closest known relative, the Rodrigues Solitaire (which is also extinct), around the Paleogene-Neogene boundary.[6] As the Mascarenes are of volcanic origin and less than 10 million years old, both birds' ancestors remained most likely capable of flight for considerable time after their lineages' separation. The same study has been interpreted[7] to show that the Southeast Asian Nicobar Pigeon is the closest living relative of the dodo and the Reunion Solitaire.。

However, the proposed phylogeny is rather questionable as regards the relationships of other taxa[8] and must therefore be considered hypothetical pending further research; considering biogeographical data, it is very likely to be erroneous. All that can be presently said with any certainty is that the ancestors of the didine birds were pigeons from Southeast Asia or the Wallacea, which agrees with the origin of most of the Mascarenes' birds. Whether the dodo and Rodrigues Solitaire were actually closest to the Nicobar Pigeon among the living birds, or whether they are closer to other groups of the same radiation such as Ducula, Treron or Goura pigeons is not clear at the moment.。

For a long time, the dodo and the Rodrigues Solitaire (collectively termed "didines") were placed in a family of their own, the Raphidae. This was because their relationships to other groups of birds (such as rails) had yet to be resolved. As of recently, it appears more warranted to include the didines as a subfamily Raphinae in the Columbidae.。

Painting of an albino dodo, previously mislabeled as "Raphus solitarius".The supposed "White Dodo" is now thought to be based on misinterpreted reports of the Réunion Sacred Ibis[citation needed] and paintings of apparently albinistic dodos; a higher frequency of albinos is known to occur occasionally in island species (see also Lord Howe Swamphen).。

[edit] Morphology and flightlessness。

In October 2005, part of the Mare aux Songes, the most important site of dodo remains, was excavated by an international team of researchers. Many remains were found, including bones from birds of various stages of maturity,[9] and several bones obviously belonging to the skeleton of one individual bird and preserved in natural position.[3] These findings were made public in December 2005 in the Naturalis in Leiden. Before this, few associated dodo specimens were known, most of the material consisting of isolated and scattered bones. Dublin's Natural History Museum and the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, among others, have a specimen assembled from these disassociated remains. A Dodo egg is on display at the East London museum in South Africa. Until recently, the most intact remains, currently on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, were one individual's partly skeletal foot and head which contain the only known soft tissue remains of the species.。

This 1651 dodo image by Jan Savery is based on a 1626 painting by Roelant Savery, made from a stuffed specimen – note that it has two left feet and that the bird is obese from captivity.The remains of the last known stuffed dodo had been kept in Oxford's Ashmolean Museum, but in the mid-18th century, the specimen – save the pieces remaining now – had entirely decayed and was ordered to be discarded by the museum's curator or director in or around 1755.。

In June 2007, adventurers exploring a cave in the Indian Ocean discovered the most complete and well-preserved dodo skeleton ever.[10]。

According to artists' renditions, the Dodo had greyish plumage, a 23-centimetre (9-inch) bill with a hooked point, very small wings, stout yellow legs, and a tuft of curly feathers high on its rear end. Dodos were very large birds, weighing about 23 kg (50 pounds). The sternum was insufficient to support flight; these ground-bound birds evolved to take advantage of an island ecosystem with no predators.。

The traditional image of the dodo is of a fat, clumsy bird, hence the official scientific name Didus ineptus, but this view has been challenged in recent times. The general opinion of scientists today is that the old drawings showed overfed captive specimens.[11] As Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons, the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to live through the dry season when food was scarce; contemporary reports speak of the birds' "greedy" appetite. In captivity, with food readily available, the birds became overfed very easily.。

[edit] Diet

The tambalacoque, also known as the "dodo tree", was hypothesized by Stanley Temple to have been eaten from by Dodos, and only by passing through the digestive tract of the dodo could the seeds germinate; he claimed that the tambalacocque was now nearly extinct due to the dodo's disappearance. He force-fed seventeen tambalacoque fruits to wild turkeys and three germinated. Temple did not try to germinate any seeds from control fruits not fed to turkeys so the effect of feeding fruits to turkeys was unclear. Temple also overlooked reports on tambalacoque seed germination by A. W. Hill in 1941 and H. C. King in 1946, who found the seeds germinated, albeit very rarely, without abrading.[12][13][14][15]。

[edit] Extinction。

Landscape with birds - dodo painted by Roelant Savery (1628).As with many animals evolving in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely fearless of people, and this, in combination with its flightlessness, made it easy prey.[16] But journals are full of reports regarding the bad taste and tough meat of the dodo, while other local species such as the Red Rail were praised for their taste. It is commonly believed that the Malay sailors held the bird in high regard and killed them only to make head dressings used in religious ceremonies.[17] However, when humans first arrived on Mauritius, they also brought with them other animals that had not existed on the island before, including dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and Crab-eating Macaques, which plundered the dodo nests, while humans destroyed the forests where the birds made their homes;[18] currently, the impact these animals – especially the pigs and macaques – had on the dodo population is considered to have been more severe than that of hunting. The 2005 expedition's finds are apparently of animals killed by a flash flood; such mass mortalities would have further jeopardized an already extinction-prone species.[19]。

Although there are scattered reports of mass killings of dodos for provisioning of ships, archaeological investigations have hitherto found scant evidence of human predation on these birds. Some bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap which were used as shelters by fugitive slaves and convicts in the 17th century, but due to their isolation in high, broken terrain were not easily accessible to dodos naturally.[20]。

Dodo skeleton, Natural History Museum, London, England.There is some controversy surrounding the extinction date of the dodo. Roberts & Solow state that "the extinction of the Dodo is commonly dated to the last confirmed sighting in 1662, reported by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz" (Evertszoon), but many other sources suggest the more conjectural date 1681. Roberts & Solow point out that because the sighting prior to 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was likely already very rare by the 1660s, and that thus a disputed report from 1674 cannot be dismissed out-of-hand.[21] Statistical analysis of the hunting records of Issac Johannes Lamotius give a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95% confidence interval of 1688 to 1715. Considering more circumstantial evidence such as travellers' reports and the lack of good reports after 1689,[20] it is likely that the dodo became extinct before 1700; the last Dodo died little more than a century after the species' discovery in 1581.[22]。

Few took particular notice of the extinct bird. By the early 19th century it seemed altogether too strange a creature, and was believed by many to be a myth. With the discovery of the first batch of dodo bones in the Mare aux Songes and the reports written about them by George Clarke, government schoolmaster at Mahébourg, from 1865 on,[23] interest in the bird was rekindled. In the same year in which Clarke started to publish his reports, the newly-vindicated bird was featured as a character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. With the popularity of the book, the dodo became a well-known and easily recognizable icon of extinction.。

2005年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试卷＋答案。

(课程代码 0832)。

第一部分 选择题

I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative。

answers．Choose the one that would best complete the。

statement and put the letter in the bracket．(30％)。

1． There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．Theyare______.。

A．primary and secondary B．central and peripheral。

C．diachronic and synchronic D．formal and functional [ ]。

2． Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms?。

A．Colloquial B．Slang 。

C．Negative D．Literary [ ]。

3． Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____.。

A．absolute and relative B．absolute and complete。

C．relative and near D．complete and identical [ ]。

4． In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side，

A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French。

C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin [ ]。

5． Amonomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme．。

A．formal B．concrete。

C．free D．bound [ ]。

6． Whch of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? 。

A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat。

C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet [ ]。

7．LDCE is distinctive for its____.。

A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes。

C．language notes D．all of the above [ ]。

8． From the historical point of view,English is more closely related to。

A．German B．French。

C．Scotttish D．Irish [ ]。

9． Which of the following is NOT an acronym? 。

A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY。

C．BASIC D．CCTV [ ]。

10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word。

meaning．

A．eight B．six。

C．seven D．five [ ]。

11．Sources of homonyms include____.。

A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing。

C．shortening D．all of the above [ ]。

12．The written form of English is a(an)________representation of the spoken form．。

A．selective B．adequate。

C．imperfect D．natural [ ]。

13．Structurally a____is the smallest meaningful unit of a language．。

A．molpheme B．stem。

C．word D．compound [ ]。

14．Unlike affixes，____are often free morphemes．。

A．sufrixes B．prefixes。

C．inflectional morphemes D．roots [ ]。

15．The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French.。

Latin，____.。

A．Scandinavian and Italian B．Greek and Scandinavian。

C．Celtic and Greek D．Italian and Spanish [ ]。

第二部分 非选择题

Ⅱ．Complete the rollowing staternents with proper words or。

expressions according to the course book．。

16．The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is____.。

17．Longman lexicon of Contemporary English is a____dictionary．。

18．When a new word appears for the first time，the author usually manages to give hints or。

____in the context to help the readers．。

19．Radiation and____are the two coinages which the development of word。

meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy．。

20．Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to____.。

Ⅲ．Match the words or explessions in Column A with those in。

Column B according to 1)word Origin，2)word formation.。

and 3)types of Synonyms or antonyms．。

A B。

( )21．skill A．back—formation。

( )22．babysit B．blendlng。

( )23．telequiz C．French origin。

( )24．composition／compounding D．SCandinavianorigin。

( )25．government E．clipping。

( )26．same／different F. relative synonyms。

( )27．gent G. Germanic。

( )28．English H．absolute synonyms。

( )29．change／alter I. contradictory terms。

( )30．big／small J．contrary terms。

IV．Smdy the following words or expressions and identify 1)。

types of bound morphemes underlined, 2) types of。

meanings,3)processes of meaning development，and 4)。

forlnation of eompounds．。

31．neck→primary meaning：that part of man joining the head tO the body；

a secondary meaning：the narrowest part of anything．( )。

32．contradict ( )。

33．mother：love，care ( )。

34．upcoming ( )。

35．window shopping ( )。

36．radlos ( )。

37．property developer ( )。

38．Candidate→earlier meaning：white-robed；

later meaning：a person proposed for a place，award etc．。

( )overcoat。

39．handsomo-tyoewhter ( )man。

40．northward ( )。

V. Define the following terms.。

41.encyclopendia。

42.borrcwed

43.blending

44.extension。

45.phrasal verb。

VI. Answer the following questing questions. Your answers should be。

Clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.。

46.what is the difference prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples.。

47.what is extra-linguistic context?。

48.what is polysemy? Illustrate your points. 。

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.。

49. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then 。

what contextual help you to work out the meaning.。

Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in。

The street and ate it.。

50.Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.。

英语词汇学答案 (课程代码 0832)。

I．Each Of the smtements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that。

would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．。

1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.A。

11.D 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.B。

II Complete the following statements with proper words Or expressions according to the。

course book．。

16．extension 或generalization 17．specialized。

18．clues 19．concatenation 20．1500 。

III.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according tO 1)。

word origin，2)word formation，and 3)types of synonyms or antonyms．。

21．D 22．A。

23．B 24．H。

25．C 26．I。

27．E 28．G。

29．F 30．J。

IV．Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of bound morphemes。

underlined，2)types of meanings，3)processes of meaning development，and 4)formation of。

compounds．

31．radiation 32．bound root。

33．connotative meaning 34．adv+v-ing。

35．n+v-ing 36．inflectional affix／inflectional morpheme。

37．n+v-er 3.concatenation。

39．collocative meaning 40．suffix／derivational affix。

V．Definethefollowingterms．。

41．An encyclopedia provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword；it is not。

concerned with the language per se.。

42．Borrowed words,also，known，as loan words，are words taken over from foreign languages．。

43．It refers to the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word with a part。

of another word．。

44．Extension is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now。

become generalized．。

45.idiom composed of a verb plus a preposition and／or a particle．。

VI.Answer the following questions．Your answers should be clear and short．Write your。

answers in the space given below．。

46．Prefixation does not generally change the word-class of the stem；it only modifies its meaning.。

e.g．treat--maltreat。

Suffixation，On，the other hand，changes the word-class instead of its meaning.e.g．employ——

employer

47.(1)Known as non-linguistic context or context of situation．。

(2)components。

a.participants(addresser and addressee)。

writer and reader。

speaker and listener／hearer。

b.time and place。

c.cultural background。

48.要点：1)a common feature peculiar to all natural languages．。

2)have more than one sense．。

3)The problem of polesemy Can be dealt with from two angles：diachronic approach and。

synchronic approach．。

VII．Analyze and comment on the following．Write your answers in the space given below．。

49(1)tiger is a hyponym，of carnivore。

(2)carnivore is a superordinate of tiger。

(3)tiger feeds on meat as known by all 。

(4)carnivore may feed on meat 。

(5)therefore，a carnivore is a meat-eating animal。

50.(1)connotative meaning，known as connotation，refers to the overtones or associations。

suggested by the conceptual meaning．。

(2)connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary．but associated with the word in actual。

context to particular readers or speakers．Thus they are unstable.varying considerably。

according to culture，historical period and the experience of the individual．。

(3)For example，home may remind one child of warmth，safety or love，while to another child who is。

often scolded or beaten at home,it may mean indifference，hatred，or even hell．。

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