drillshave-130

请高手帮我写一篇小学英语公开课的教案

drills[英][dr_lz][美][dr_lz]n.操练(drill的名词复数);钻头;军事训练;(应对紧急情况的)演习;v.钻(孔)(drill的第三人称单数);打(眼);操练。

N-COUNT钻头;钻床;电钻Adrillisatoolormachinethatyouuseformakingholes。

VERB钻(孔);打(眼)

Whenyoudrillintosomethingordrillaholeinsomething,youmakeaholeinitusingadrill。

VERB钻探(石油或水源)

Whenpeopledrillforoilorwater,theysearchforitbydrillingdeepholesinthegroundorinthebottomofthesea。一站式出国留学攻略 http://www.offercoming.com。

海底渗漏区域游离气迁移与甲烷水合物形成及资源量预测

您自己改改，综合一下

一、Aims and demands：

1.Learn the new words：

walkman comic watch radio computer scarf sticker hair clip locker apple pear a pair of sunglasses beside snake can coke trainer pet goldfish duck chicken rabbit yours mine hers theirs ours。

2.Drills：

(1).Do you have……? 。

Yes,I do./No, I don’t have any.。

(2)Whose ……is this/that? 。

Is it yours, Nick?。

No, It’s not mine. It’s _______.。

(3)Whose……are these/those?。

Are they yours, Andy?。

Yes, they are mine.。

3.To master and use 名词性物主代词 correctly.。

二、Important and difficult points:。

To master the new words and drills。

to use the two kinds of pronouns correctly。

my your his her its our your their 。

mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 。

三、Methods：

1.Listening

2.Reading

3.Speaking

4.Writing and drawing 。

5.Acting as much as possible。

四、用5个课时完成这一单元的教学。

The First Period (Listening)。

准备：课前准备八幅图或一些实物：

球、围巾、眼镜、电脑、小刀、CD、手表和发夹。

Step1 Revision: 。

Ask some students to come to the front and act out some dialogues.。

Step2 Present: 用实物或图画呈现： ball, scarf ,A pair of glasses, computer, sticker, CD, watch and hair clip 向学生介绍这些实物的英文单词，并将单词写在黑板上。

Step3 Practice:。

1.Listen to the tape。

2.Let the students read after the tape。

3.Ask the students to make dialogues with the things and pictures。

S1:What’s this?。

S2:It’s a……

S1:What are these?。

S2:They are 厖

S1:Is this a?.

S2:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t.。

S1:Are they厖?

S2:Yes,they are./No,they aren’t。

S1:Do you have a/any厖?。

S2:Yes, I do./No,I don’t.but 卙as。

Step4Playing games:。

Make the students several groups in three or four,。

Show the things and pictures, Let students guess what it is. Who can say it out quickly and correctly? Who is the winner? In this way,let the students learn the words easily and quickly.。

Step5 Discussion:。

Let the students discuss Part B. Using the Pictures and then write down the owners of the things.。

Step6 Listening:。

1、先提出问题：Who has a ball?然后播放录音，让学生带着问题听。第二遍播放录音，并让学生回答问题：Who has many friends?让学生听第三遍录音，将其余的人物和物品配对，然后讨论并核对配对结果。

2、请学生用自己的语言将Part B的信息进行整合，并表达出来。给一到两分钟的时间准备，之后请几位学生上台陈述。

Homework:

1.Please memorize all the new words.。

2.write a short passage of no less than five sentences to describe things your friends have. Try to use the new words in this lesson.。

用幻灯纸附一份练习：

1. 米莉，2. 你有随身听吗？

Do you ____ ____ Millie?。

我没有，但我的表哥安迪有。

No, I _____.But ___ ___ Andy ____ one.。

2.安迪，你有漫画书吗？

Do you have ___ ____, Andy?。

我有，它们在我的书包里。

Yes. I have ___. They ___ in my school bag.。

3.李莉有一条漂亮的围巾。

Lily ___ a beautiful _____.。

4.我的弟弟有一副眼镜。

____ brother ___ a ___ of ____.。

The Second Period(Speaking)。

Step1、Revision

1.Go over the words。

2.Ask some students to read their compositions。

Step2 Present：

拿起自己的书对学生说It is my book .It’s mine.。

将这两个句子写在黑板上。再拿起一本学生的书，问这位同学 Is it your book?帮助他回答Yes, it’s mine 而对这位学生再次强调It is yours 将your book 和yours写在黑板上，仍旧拿那位同学的书问另一位学生。Whose book is it?帮助学生回答：It’s his/her book. It’s his/hers 将his book ,his ,her book和 hers 写在黑板上，用同样的方法呈现ours ,yours,和 theirs。

2．Let the students look at the blackboard .找出形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之间的关系。帮助学生找出关系后在my book和mine之间划“=” 、

3．列出表格。讲清关系，用法

my your his her its our your their 。

mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 。

Step3 look at some pictures and talk about who are they ? what’s it? What colour is it?。

Step4 Listen to the tape and answer the following questions。

Whose ball is it?。

Whose ball is black?。

What colour is Peter’s ball?。

Step5 Open the books and practise the dialogues。

Step6学生三人一组，用一只棕色球或一支黑钢笔或其他东西，Make up some similar dialogues让几组学生到前面来表演。

Step7 Play a game 。

随堂搜集一些学生的学习用品，装在一个袋子中，请一名同学上前来，从袋子中任意摸出一样物品，然后在全班范围内寻找物主，通过这个游戏让学生操练使用物主代词。

S1:Is it yours ?。

S2:No it’s not mine .It’s his /hers/ theirs。

No , it’s not ours .It’s_____’s。

S3:Yes, it’s mine。

Step8 Homework

Listen to the tape and recite the dialogue.。

补充练习，单词拼写。

单词拼写

1.This is _____(我的) pen. That’s_____(你的)。

2.Where are ____(他们的) clothes?。

3.This book is not_____(我的) clothes?。

4.______(他们) are new students。

5.Please look at_____(他们)。

6.Let _____(我) have a book.。

7._____(谁的)shoes are these?。

8._____(我的) bike is black. What about ____(他的)?。

9.Are these _____(你的) flowers?。

No, they aren’t_____(我的) . They are _____(他的)。

10.What’s the name of _____(他们的)teacher?。

_____(她的) name is Miss Gao.。

The Third Period。

Step1 Revision

Go over the drills We learned in the last period .。

Excuse me ,is this your pencil-box?。

Yes, it’s mine

No, it’s not mine It’s hers/ his /_____’s。

Step2 Learn new words。

1.用实物或图片教授生词

thing , locker , apple , pear , some snacks , 。

sun glasses, teddy bear , basketball , a can of coke , trainers。

2.同时用问答的形式与学生交流。

如：Do we have lockers in our school?。

Do you like apples.。

I like pears very much.。

I like pears very much.。

What about you?。

3.用教室内物品或学生的位置关系来教授新介词。

behind, beside ,on the right of。

4.Read the new words and do more speaking。

Step3 Listen to the tape and answer questions。

1.What school are the students in?。

2.Who has some apples in his locker?。

第二遍播放录音，要求学生跟读，再让学生自由大声朗读。

3.在黑板上画四个小朋友，分别写上Lily, Millie , Nick 和Peter 的名字，让学生默读后，试将文中提到的物品按人物归类。

Step4 Practice:。

Ask some students to come to the front, According to the pictures and things, try to retell the text. At the same time, fill in the blanks on the slide shows。

In Beijing Sunshine _____school, there are some _____for students. The students can put _____things in the lockers .In Lily’s, there is an ____and some pears .Behind the pears , there are some _____. She also has a pair of_____ in her locker. What about Millie ? What does she _____in her locker? She has a bear in it. On the _____of the bear, there are some CD’s and hair clips. Boys _____have many things in their lockers。

Nick has a _____ in his locker .He also has some_____ books. Peter has a tennis racket. There are cans of ______beside it. The boys also have their _____in their lockers 。

Step5 Homework 。

(1) Read the text and recite it 。

(2) Listen to the tape and Do Exs on Page101。

The Fourth Period。

Step1 Greetings 。

Step2 Revision

Ask and Answer

1. What do you have in your desk?。

I have __________。

2. What does Andy have in his /her pencil-box?。

He/she has ____________。

3. Whose walkman is this?。

It’s mine (yours, hers, his)。

4. Whose rackets are these?。

They’re mine (yours, hers, his )。

5.提问与课文内容相关的问题，以复习课文。

如:1.Are there any lockers for students in Beijing Sunshine Secondary School?。

2.What’s in Lily’s locker?。

Step3 Present.

1.Look at the pictures and talk about them。

What’s this ? Whose is it ?。

What are these ? Whose are they ?。

2.Fill in the blanks 用正确的物主代词完成对话 ，让学生说出答案，然后集体订正 ，归纳总结物主代词的用法。

3.Let the students read the dialogue together, one by one ,or in a group of three or four 。

4.Ask some students to come to the front and act out the dialogue vividly. Some can make up similar dialogues。

Step4 Do some exercise on the slide shows.。

句型转换：

1.I have a comic book in it. (用the girl 替换主语)。

The ____ ____a comic book in it.。

1. she has a pair of sunglasses in her locker (对画线部分提问)。

What ____ she ____in her locker ?。

2. Nick has a computer in his room . (改为一般疑问句)。

____Nick ____ a computer in his room?。

3. Whose watch is this?(改为复4. 数形式)。

Whose___ ___ ___?。

5. I have some stickers.(改为否定句)。

I ___ ___ ___stickers.。

6．Whose flowers are these ?(同义句)。

Whose ___ ___ ___ ?。

Step5 Homework :。

1.Listen to the tape and read the dialogues.。

2.Do Exercise in the WB。

The Fifth Period。

Step1 Greeting

Step2 Revision

Revise the new words and drills。

Step3 Have a dictation .。

单词 comic watches scarf sticker snake can trainer pet goldfish chicken rabbit beside locker theirs。

词组 1.a pair of sunglasses 。

2. an old watch。

3.beside the apples。

4.behind your trainers。

5.a duck pet

6.two goldfish pets。

句子 1.你有一块橡皮吗？不，我没有。但Lily有一块。

2．这把尺是你的吗？是的。

她的在她的文具盒里。

3．这些是谁的梨子？是他们的。

4．我们的电脑在桌子 上面，你们的在哪呢？

Step4 Pronunciation。

Open the books and look at the picture.。

学习总结辅音音素

[z] [r] [s] [h] [θ萞 [w] [j]Step5 Practise the dialogues on Page 61。

What do you often do at the weekend?。

I often read books at home.。

Do you often visit your friends? Yes,I do。

Do you go fishing at the weekend?。

No, I don’t.

Step6.Homework 。

完成P61的调查表 My classmate’s weekend。

Unit 8 单元测试

1． 选择划线部分读音不2． 同3． 的选项（5分）

( ) 1. A. happy B. family。

C. what D. can 。

( ) 2. A. job B. comic。

C. doctor D. walkman 。

( ) 3. A. locker B. hers。

C. others D. secondary。

( ) 4. A. coke B. door。

C. ball D. floor。

( ) 5. A. look B. good。

C. too D. book 。

二．词汇

A） 根据句意或首字母填入所缺单词（7分）

1. Do you have any comic b_______? What a______ your sister?。

2. Nick’s c_______ has a basketball.。

3. Millie doestn’t have any hair c______. But Lily h_____ some.。

4. These are their rackets. O______ are in the classroom.。

5. What d_____ Li Fen have in her box?。

B) 用所给词的适当形式填空（8分）

1. _________(who) model plane is this?。

2. -Is this your _______ (brother) photo?。

--No, it’s_______(my)。

3. What _______ they_______(have) in their lockers?。

4. Could you give tow _______(can) of Coke?。

5. There are three _______(pair) of trainers . Whose are they?。

6. The students don’t have _______(some) pets.。

三、选择正确的答案

（ ）1.---they have a basketball?。

---No, they don't have _____.。

A. Are, one B Are, a。

C. Do, one D. Do, a。

( ) 2.---Do you have any story books?。

---Yes, I have _____.。

A. books B. any。

C. some D. a。

( ) 3.Are these pictures_____?。

A. your B. yours。

C you D. yours'。

( )4.We_____any pets。

A. don't have B. have no。

C. have not D. aren't have。

( ) 5.There _____an apple and some _____on the desk。

A. is, watchs B. is ,watches。

C. are, watchs D. be, watches。

( ) 6.My brother has two _____ in his room.。

A. pair of sunglass 。

B. pairs of sunglass。

C. pair of sunglasses。

D. pairs of sunglasses。

( )7.What_____the girl ____in her box? 。

A. do , has B. does , have。

C. do , have D. does , has。

( )8._____the left of the old man , there is a tree.。

A. On B. In。

C. At D. Beside 。

( )9.In_____,there are some red hair clips.。

A. Lily box B. Lily's box。

C. Lilys' box D. the Lily's box。

( )10.The purple flowers aren't ______.。

They are ______.。

A. our , their B. ours , their。

C. our , theirs D. ours , theirs。

( )11.I _____snacks.。

A. have no B. am not have。

C. have not D. not have 。

( )12.These aren’t _____pets. They ‘re_____.。

A. he’s , hers B. his , her。

C. his , hers D. his , she’s。

( )13.______the boy beside the window?。

A. Whose is B. Which is。

C. Who’s D. Where’s。

( )14.---What’s that?。

---Let me _____. Oh , it’s a rubber.。

A. have look B. see。

C. to look D. to see。

( )15.---Is this locker_____ or ______?。

---It’s Millie’s. 。

A. Millie匧ily

B. Millie’s匧ily。

C. Millie匧ily’s。

D. Millie’s匧ily’s。

四．根据汉语意思完成句子（10分）

1．------尼克，这个飞机模型是你的吗？

------不是我的。

----Nick , is this ______ plane ______?。

----No , it isn’t _______.。

2. 你们有表吗？

_______you have ______watches?。

3. 米莉的储物柜里有什么？

What ______ Millie ______ in her locker ?。

4. 在游泳池旁边有为学生准备的柜子。

Beside the _______ pool , there are _____________ students.。

五，句型转换（15分）

1． What’s the Chinese for “VIP”?(改为同2． 意句)。

What’s VIP _____ _____ ?。

2. This shirt is David’s.(对划线部分提问)。

Whose _____ ______ shirt ?。

3. The woman in the red blouse is Lucy’s mother .(对划线部分提问)。

______ ______ is Lucy’s mother ?。

4. I have no hair clips. (改为同意句)。

I _____ _____ _____ hair clips.。

5. Whose rackets are these? (改为同意句)。

Whose______ ______ rackets?。

6. These snacks are his . (有Tom 改为选择疑问句)。

______ these snacks ______ ______ ______ ?。

六，用适当的代词填空（5分）

Tom : Is this pen _____ , Jim?。

Jim : Let me have a look . Oh , it isn’t ______ . ______ pen is blue .But Lucy has a pen like this . I think it’s _____ .。

Tom : Where is ______?。

Jim : She is on the playground .。

Tom : Let’s go and find her .。

七，完形填空（10分）

Hi , I am Liu Ying . Do you ____ me? Today I am ____ a green shirt and brown trousers.。

This is _____ dog . It _____ two black eyes. I like _____ very much .We often together . That’s my grandfather. _____ is very good .He is wearing black shoes. He looks after his _____everyday. His bird is very beautiful. It’s a black bird .I like my _____ dog, and my grandfather ______ his black bird.。

( )1. A. look B. know。

C. guess D. listen。

( )2.A.wearing B. putting 。

C. wear D. put on。

( ) 3.A.his B. her 。

C. my D. mine。

( )4.A.have B. has。

C. are D. there are。

( ) 5.A.its B. they。

C. it's D. it。

( ) 6.A.playing B. play。

C. are D. studying。

( ) 7.A . He B. She。

C. It D. He's。

( ) 8.A.dog B. bird。

C. goldfish D. rabbit。

( ) 9.A.black B. white。

C. green D. brown。

( ) 10.A.like B. is like。

C. likes D. to like。

八、阅读理解

A : I have some clothes here. Whose are they?。

Look ,here's a blue sweater .Is this yours , Ann?。

B: It's not mine .Mine is black .I think it's his.。

C: Yes, it's mine, Mr Smith。

A: Here you are, Jim. You must look after your things!。

now, this blouse, whose is this white blouse? 。

D: It's mine, Mr smith.。

A: Ok, here you are. Put it on, please. What about these。

grey socks? Are they yours, too, Amy?。

D: They look like mine, but not. I think they're Mary's.。

A: Is that right, Mary?。

E:I I think the red ones are mine, the grey ones are 。

Bruce's.

A: Here you are, Bruce! You must look after your things!。

Oh!, where is my brown hat?。

B: Here it is! On your head!。

A: Oh, dear! Thanks a lot. Let's go and play together.。

( ) 1.Whose is the blue sweater ?。

A. Ann's B. Jim's。

C. Amy's D. Mary's。

( ) 2.How many children are there in the dialogue(对话)？

A. Four B. Five。

C. Six D. Seven。

( ) 3.Who is D?。

A. Mary B. Jim

C. Bruce D. Amy.。

( ) 4.What colour is Mr Smith's hat?。

A. Brown B. Grey。

C. Blue D. Black。

( )5.Where is Mr Smith's hat?。

A. It's on the desk。

B. It's in his hand。

C. It's on his head。

D. We don't know.。

九、下列句子各有一处错误，指出并改正。

1。What's colour is your bag?_______。

2.these English books are our.______。

3.My rackets are on floor.______。

4.Who's are these green pencils?_____。

5.The girl in a red hat is Li Ming sister.____。

十、根据短文意思填入单词

L__1__at this picture. The girl i__2__a red blouse is。

Wei Ha. She is in NO.15 M_3___ School. There is a m_4___。

near her. W_5__ he? He is Wei Hua's father. He is forty.H_6__。

mother is behind her.T_7___ look very happy. Wei Hua h___8__。

a little cat.I__9__ colour is w__10__ .What a nice picture!。

或

Topic: Lesson 7 Whose watch is it ? Let’s talk。

Grade: Grade 4 Teacher: Lijuan, No.8 primary school Teaching aims: 。

1. master the sentence structure : Whose … is it? It’s … watch. 。

2. master the using of “his and her ”

3. can say some dialogues about finding the owners。

Main points: 。

1. ask and answer about “ Whose watch is it ? It’s his watch.”

2. use “ his ” and “ her ” correctly.。

Difficult point: use different pronouns to make the dialogue freely. 。

Teaching aids: pictures, cards, toys, tape, CAI 。

一. Warm up

1. Greetings: Hello, everyone. I’m your new friend. My name is Lijuan, you can call me Miss Li, Miss Li. Hello, boy. Hello, Miss Li. Hello, girl. Hello, Miss Li. How are you? I’m fine, thank you . OK. Class begins! Hello, boys and girls. How are you? What’s the weather like today? Do you like the weather? It’s sunny and warm.。

2. Communication: Let’s know each other. I ask you one question and you can ask me ,Ok? Let’s start. What’s your name? How old are you? Where are you from? What class are you in? Is this your nose? Do you like English? Yes, I like English. And I like English songs. Let’s sing a song ,OK? ABC song .。

二. Presentation。

1. Lead-in: Whose shoe is it?。

Now I’ll show you a story. The story’s name is “ Whose shoe is it ?” ( play the slides )My name is Cinderella. I have to work everyday. My mum and sisters go to a party. I want to go. Don’t worry. A beautiful dress for you . Here are shoes. Come back at 12. All right. Cinderella is very happy. She meets the prince and dance with him. Now it’s twelve. Cinderella run away. The prince is sad . He wants to know “ Who is she ? Whose shoe is it?” What’s the meaning?。

whose, h-h-whose, wh-o-se. whose shoe is it? Whose pen, pencil, book, is it ? It’s her pen. The girl we say “ her ” .。

请英语高手帮忙翻译下

关进安1，梁德青1，吴能友1，樊栓狮2。

关进安（1980—），男，副研究员，主要从事水合物动力学研究，E-mail:guanja@ms.giec.ac.cn。

1.中国科学院可再生能源与天然气水合物重点实验室/中国科学院广州能源研究所，广州　510640。

2.华南理工大学传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室，广州　510640。

摘要：渗漏型水合物的形成是多相流共同作用的结果，为了准确评估海洋水合物的资源潜力，必须研究该类型水合物的形成过程。渗漏体系里往上运移的甲烷气（游离）、原位孔隙水（包括溶解气及溶解盐）与固体骨架共同作用，生成水合物并在孔隙里沉淀胶结成藏；在这一过程中游离气迁移改变沉积层的地质属性，是渗漏型水合物成藏的控制性因素之一。根据流动－传输－反应机理建立了多相流模型，以反应开始和结束2个时刻演绎了水合物形成过程中，孔隙毛细压力、渗透率、各相饱和度和盐度的联动变化关系，并结合南海北部神狐海域地质勘探资料评估水合物赋存情况，推断该区域水合物饱和度最大能达到75％。

关键词：游离气；甲烷水合物；通量。

The Methane Hydrate Formation and the Resource Estimate Resulting from Free Gas Migration in Seeping Seafl0or Hydrate Stability Zone。

Guan Jinan1,Liang Deqing1*,Wu Nengyou1,Fan Shuanshi2。

1.Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion/Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate,CAS,Guangzhou 510640,China。

2.South China university of Technology,Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation,MOE,Guangzhou 510640,China。

Abstract:It is a typical multiphase flow process for hydrateformation in seeping seafloor sediments.In order to accurately assess the potential of marine hydrate resources,the formation of hydrates in seafloor sediments must be researched.The rising free methane,in-situ pore water(including dissolved gas and salt) and solid grains react with each others in sediments,and then methane hydrates form and precipitate in pore.Free gas migration alters the geological properties of the sediment layer.It is one of the key factors to control hydrate formation in seepage system.According to this kind of flow-transfer-reaction process,a multi-phase flow model including water-gas (free gas)-salt-hydrate has been eatablished.In the order of two different scene (the beginning and the end) ,the relationship alteration of capillary pressure,permeability,phase saturations and salinity with the formation of hydrate have been deducted.Based on the rules drawnfrom the simulation,and combined information gottenfrom drills in field,the methane hydrate(MH)formation in Shenhu area of South China Sea has beenforecasted.It has been speculated that there may breed a moderate methane flux below this seafloor HSZ.If the flux is about 0.5 kg·m-2·a-1,then it will go on to evolve about 2 700 ka until the hydrate saturation in pore will arrive its peak (about 75%).。

Key words:free gas; methane hydrate; methane flux。

0 引言

甲烷水合物（MH）在全球海域和冻土层广泛存在[1-2]，据估算约有1.2×1017m3甲烷以水合物形式存在海洋里（STP），另有大约1015mol的甲烷以游离或溶解的形式存在于沉积层孔隙中[3-4]。渗漏型水合物储层由于具有分布集中、储藏密度大、成藏与物化条件优越等特点[5]，其资源意义十分重要。

在海底多相流体流动区域沉积层孔隙里水合物的形成是一种典型的多相流输运传递过程[6]，除了气（游离气和溶解气）、孔隙水和盐外，已生成的水合物也影响着水合物的进一步继续形成。对于这种多相流过程，Clennell,et al.[7]解释了甲烷气体迁移和聚集对水合物形成的影响；Milkov,et al.[8]分析了ODP1249站位的水合物岩心后，指出在这种体系里水合物、气和盐三相可以共存；数值模拟结果也显示了温度、压力、甲烷体积分数以及盐度等相互间的演变关系[11]。然而，水合物的形成将吸收孔隙内的水和气，直接导致多相流组分的变化；同时，水合物胶结沉积层骨架使得含水合物沉积地层的结构和属性发生改变，这些都必须研究确定。

渗漏区域里游离气不仅在水合物稳定区域（hydrate stable zone,HSZ）的底界下大量聚集，而且在HSZ内也快速迁移，提高沉积层孔隙内盐度，进而改变该体系下的地质分层，产生诸如水合物－离气－盐三相共存[12]、海底气体“火焰”[13]等现象；一方面说明游离气参与了水合物形成，另一方面也成为探测水合物成藏的间接证据。我国南海神狐海域地质勘探、实地钻井取样及岩心分析表明，该区域很可能是渗漏类型的水合物储藏[14-18]，本文将结合渗漏类型水合物形成规律分析神狐海域的甲烷水合物储藏状况。

1 游离气迁移与相图

当富含饱和溶解甲烷的孔隙水夹裹着游离气从游离气区域（free gas zone,FGZ）上移，刺穿HSZ底部并进入HSZ内，溶解甲烷首先在孔隙内生成MH并沉淀，使孔隙水中的甲烷浓度变低，游离甲烷气部分溶解在孔隙水中，部分也同时生成MH，直到当地的孔隙空间内MH浓度达到饱和，底部新进入的流体和游离甲烷则继续上移，重复生成MH。由于盐离子被水合物晶体排斥，在孔隙内MH周围盐离子浓度变大，改变MH生成的热力学相平衡条件，抑制MH的生成，并使得HSZ厚度变少，源源不断供应的游离甲烷气增强了盐离子的这种抑制效应。当原位沉积物孔隙里的MH达到最大饱和度后，系统变稳定，不会再有MH的形成，游离气顺利穿越HSZ抵达海底，渗漏进入并溶解在上部海水里（图1）。一般而言，沉积孔隙中的MH生成是一个两相和三相之间的转化过程：气－水相变为气－水－水合物，最后仍变为气－水相。

图1 南海北部的甲烷水合物赋存区域，（A）温度－深度相图，（B）浓度－压力相图。

当游离气进入HSZ区域内后形成水合物，改变孔隙内的盐度，进而影响水合物的形成和形态， （A）图中当盐度由3.4％升高到13.6％(4倍）时，水合物区域由EBC减少为EAD，底部深度由403 m减少至384 m，减少区域约为原区域的9.85％，相应在图B中底部由点H至点I；当游离气从底部上升穿越BH线后（3.4％盐度w(Na Cl），或线AI 13.6％盐度），在线GH (FI）右边水合物形成，同时，水合物－游离气－盐共存。

2 多相流分析

2.1 模型建立

对于由气－液－固三相和甲烷－水－盐－水合物4组分组成的多相流系统，做以下假设：

1）不考虑组分分子扩散，沉积物孔隙始终被组分完全填充，且为各向同性。

2）渗漏气体为单组分甲烷，以游离甲烷和溶解甲烷形式存在，初始溶解甲烷饱和。

3）盐仅溶解且始终在孔隙水里，不考虑盐饱和度变化导致的盐结晶析出。

根据以上假设，分别建立气、水两相的传输方程：

对水，其存在于水合物和液态水里：

南海天然气水合物富集规律与开采基础研究专集。

对甲烷，其存在气相、液相和水合物中：

南海天然气水合物富集规律与开采基础研究专集。

式（1）、 （2）中：φ为地层孔隙度；Sκ为组分体积饱和度；ρK为组分密度（kg/m3）；甲烷在水中的质量分数为其溶解度。

；ηK表示水合物中组分的质量分数；k、krβ分别为地层固有渗透率（m2）和组分相对渗透率；μK为组分黏度（Pa·s）; PK为相压力（MPa）; g为重力加速度（kg/m3）;Cg为甲烷气的压缩系数，由式（3）定义，Bg为甲烷体积系数：

南海天然气水合物富集规律与开采基础研究专集。

另外，再加上饱和度的限制条件和毛细压力公式即可构成方程组：

南海天然气水合物富集规律与开采基础研究专集。

游离气饱和度可以通过线性回归确定：

南海天然气水合物富集规律与开采基础研究专集。

采用的相关参数见表1。

2.2 结果讨论

当甲烷气（游离态）和水（含溶解气）进入HSZ内，水合物在合适的温度、压力和盐度条件下形成；同时，沉积地层的各个属性和流体性质也随着水合物的形成而改变。

2.2.1 HSZ内MH形成过程。

按气相甲烷饱和度始终为2％，甲烷渗漏通量为0.5 kg/m2·a这一临界状态演绎水合物的形成过程（图2）。

图2 在开始36d和结束3100ka不同时刻里随着游离甲烷的不断进入HSZ内，（A）孔隙里气液间的毛细压力，（B）含水合物沉积层的渗透率，（C）气、水、水合物饱和度，和（D）孔隙盐度的变化过程；在图中HSZ底界处于403m（bsf）处，边界条件见图1。

当t=36 d时，海底深处的甲烷进入HSZ底部，水合物形成，底部通入的甲烷对HSZ内水合物形成的影响已经达到海底处（图2a C）；由于水合物的形成，气液界面接触面积和张力均发生改变，导致毛细压力也在此段距离上随之变大（图2a A）；同时，沉积层渗透率由于水合物的胶结开始变小（图2a B）；盐离子被排挤使得当地孔隙水盐度变大（图2a D）。

当t=3 100 ka时，反应结束，HSZ内MH不会继续生成。从图2b C可以看到，由于限制海底处的Sh为0，此处的水合物饱和度梯度很大，这也说明若模型考虑到海水里的HSZ，则Sh将在这个区域继续生成；此时，海底处最大的Pc可以达到约30 k Pa（图2b A）；而水合物胶结砂土沉积物后渗透率达到约10-20m2，已到达相当致密程度（图2b B）；盐度在HSZ底部边界处达到最大可达约16％（图2b D）。

表1 模拟南海神狐海域MH形成采用的相关参数数据。

2.2.2 甲烷渗漏通量

另一个影响水合物形成的重要参数是甲烷渗流通量qm(kg/m2），不同的渗流通量使得水合物的形成速度、成藏资源量甚至含水合物沉积层的成藏形态和产状上都有很大不同。Roberts et al[19]描述了墨西哥湾海底慢速、中速、快速3种渗漏区域海底的地质形态，陈多福[20]；建立了1种渗流模型并提出了1种划分这3类不同渗漏类型的标准；据此，在相同游离气饱和度情况下（进入HSZ底部的Sg均为0.1）分别计算了6种不同渗流通量，以探讨渗流通量对渗漏系统MH形成过程和成藏的影响关系。表2为在慢速、中速、快速3种渗漏通量区间内，分别计算2个不同qm值，最小从0.05 kg/(m2·a）一直到100 kg/(m2·a），这样的取值范围基本上能包括目前在全球海域发现的水合物渗漏区域的通量大小范围。

表2 不同甲烷渗漏通量范围决定的渗漏体系演化阶段。

计算表明在每种渗漏通量下，水合物的产量均在刚开始一个很短时间内急剧增大，然后在更长时间缓慢增长。在慢速及慢速与中速接近处（0.05 kg/(m2·a）、0.5 kg/(m2·a）、1 kg/(m2·a)），水合物生成达到最大所用时间相差不大，基本一样，而往上，qm值越大，所用时间越短；qm从0.05 kg/(m2·a）到100 kg/(m2·a），水合物达到最大的时间从2 400 ka减少到227 ka，最大qm值所用时间是最小qm值的9.5％；然而，水合物单位面积产量也从38.35 kg/m2变为36.15 kg/m2，减少了约5.7％，判断这也是因为水合物生成速度变快后沉积层孔隙度和渗透率急剧降低，阻碍了水合物进一步的充分形成。

3 神狐海域水合物成藏反演

按照海底深度1 250 m、海底温度3.4℃、地温梯度为45℃/km、沉积层压力梯度10 MPa/km、孔隙平均盐度为3.5％等5个基本参数进行计算神狐海域的温压环境。目前并没有该区域HSZ内或BSR区的游离气饱和度估计，但由于整个南海北路陆坡区地质构造与墨西哥湾类似，可大致按底部进入HSZ内的游离气饱和度5％计算[20]；同时，也并不知道神狐地区深处进入HSZ底部的甲烷渗漏通量，然而，在SH2钻位约80 m厚度范围内水合物最大饱和度达48％，相比较典型的渗漏地点， Cascadia水合物脊1249、1250站位，约130 m厚度内最大饱和度可达约70％，其渗漏甲烷约为0.98 kg/(m2·a），推测神狐海域的甲烷通量可能属于中等渗漏范围内（表2）。据此，有了这些基本物性参数，结合已探测的水合物饱和度、孔隙盐度等资料，即可进行合理推测。

在上述给定物性参数下，首先模拟计算了出现探测的水合物饱和度分布时的大致情况，以qm为0.5 kg/(m2·a）计算的甲烷饱和度分布图形和孔隙盐度见图3，与钻探结果相比能较好吻合，

图3 神狐SH2站位水合物饱和度分布。

黑色点为实地测试水合物饱和度分布，红色点线为根据水合物在深度上的分布模拟获得的曲线，最大饱和度约为48％。

在模型里限制海底表面处水合物饱和度为0，计算继续演化直至达最大饱和度（75%）的反应时间约5 500 ka（图4），这说明该区域在气液流进入水合物稳定区域内刚开始一段时间内大量形成并聚集。按该区域约16 km2范围内存在着甲烷水合物藏，以面积概率为10％，深度概率为20％，同时孔隙甲烷转化率假定为10％，计算得约5 500 ka后，该区域资源量达最大可达约1 250亿m3甲烷气，是当前估计的约7～8倍。

图4 神狐地区SH2充分发育后的水合物分布云图。

4 结束语

富含游离气并快速迁移的海底渗漏区域被认为是最具有开采潜力的水合物储藏。根据流动－输运－反应机理建立了模拟渗漏型水合物形成并成藏的多相流动模型，通过开始和结束2个不同时刻演绎了游离气迁移时，随着水合物的形成，沉积层孔隙内毛细压力、渗透率、各相饱和度和盐度的联动变化关系分析了水合物的形成过程中，并探讨了渗漏通量对水合物成藏的影响。最后，结合神狐海域的地质资料，推断了该区域水合物的成藏类型，以及其资源潜力。

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Buy: You can buy this product that we publish on EBAY, and we actually have up to more than 100 species of crystal shell styles you choose. In EBAY limit, I can only upload three photos to choose from. If you want to see more products for your choice. You can contact us by mail or telephone. When you contact me I will send all our product photos for your choice, until you choose to the goods until you like. When you choose your favorite products. We will tell you the price of material you choose is what Crystal shipping date. We will then change according to your choice of commodity prices, then you can buy the goods of your choice. Please understand that if the inconvenience.。

If you want to buy this product we are now published in EBAY, we default to the first pictures of the product. Pink fuzzy rabbit that section of crystal shell, its shell is made of hard resin, Crystal Swarovski Crystal diamond. Senior product. The quality is absolutely pass. (If you want to watch this product more pictures please contact us by email. Thank you)。

"If friends want to sell our products in your own country, you can also contact us we also do wholesale overseas. "。

机械工程英语翻译7

我认为，生产电钻的厂家对MIKE犯了疏忽大意侵权，首先，生产电钻的厂家对购买电钻的消费者负有谨慎爱护之责，这是要件之一，生产厂家，明知道这批电钻大约有5%质量有问题，电路会融化，会导致购买者受到电击，却不回收修理或者提醒购买者，这就违背了谨慎爱护之责，是要件之二。而消费者MIKE，因此受到了电击和摔伤等严重的伤害，这就是要件之三。所以，在此次事件中，三个要件全都符合，所以，MIKE可以以民事侵权的疏忽大意来起诉这家电钻公司。

I think that the manufacturers of drills commit a tort of negligence. First of all, the producers of drills has the duty of care to the consumer who purchases the product., this is one element, on the other hand ,Producers who know there are 5% of the drills have some problems of quality that is to say the circuit will melt and it will lead to electric shocks of the purchasers do not repair or recovery the product ,neither remind the purchaser. This is the second element that it has the breach of duty of care. At last, consumer MIKE had been shocked and serious injury which is the third element. Therefore, in this case, three elements are meeting and MIKE can be prosecuted for negligence of this appliance drilling company. 。

生产厂家，对MIKE附有谨慎爱护之责吗？我们可以从两个方面来考虑，首先，合理的可预见性，生产厂家明知道自己的产品有问题会导致事故的发生，却不回收和修补，从而导致了MIKE受了很严重的伤害，这是可以预见的，其次是亲近性（proximity）

Dose the manufacturer has the duty of care to Mike? We can see from these two aspects to consider, first of all, a reasonable foreseeability that the manufacturers know their products have problems and will lead to accidents but without recoverying and repairing, resulting in the serious injury of Mike, which is expected, followed by proximity. 。

而生产厂家应该对FRED的损失做出赔偿吗？很显然，我认为是的，因为FRED所受的损失是纯经济损失（pure economic loss)而寻求赔偿其纯经济损失的第三方需要满足一些前提条件：因为生产厂家，明知道这批电钻大约有5%质量有问题，电路会融化，会导致购买者受到电击，却不回收修理或者提醒购买者，就应该会预想到这批产品会导致事故，从而给消费者带来事故，可能会影响很大地方，所以，我认为这是可以预见的，第二点是所受到的纯经济损失具有亲近性（proximity），我认为，生产厂家的过失，导致了MIKE的遭受 电击，从而影响了FRED的工作，所以，我认为这之间是有因果联系的，是因果关系的亲近，所以，这两点全都符合，所以厂家应该对FRED的损失给与适当赔偿。

Did the manufacturers make compensation for the loss of FRED? Obviously, I think it is, because the loss FRED suffered is pure economic loss and the third-party who seeking compensation for pure economic loss need to meet some of the prerequisite conditions: ,Producers who know there are 5% of the drills have some problems of quality that is to say the circuit will melt and it will lead to electric shocks of the purchasers do not repair or recovery the product ,neither remind the purchaser, it should be expected that these products will lead to accidents, thus it will bring accidents to consumers which may affect the great place, so I think this is foreseeable, the second point is that the pure economic loss has the proximity, I believe that the fault of the manufacturer, resulting in the suffering of MIKE of electric shocks which affected the work of FRED, I think that there is a causal link between them and it is the proximity. Therefore, manufacturers should give appropriate compensation to FRED in the case that the two aspects all meet . 。

而MIKE应该对Fred的损失做出赔偿吗?我认为这是不用的，因为MIKE在本身的操作上没有失误，是因为产品质量原因造成的事故，而导致Fred的工作受到了影响，造成了经济上的损失，这是不可预见的。所以MIKE 不应该对FRED 承担责任。

so because MIKE himself did not has a failure of the operation , it is because the quality of the products that caused the accident, which led to the affection of Fred's work, resulting in the economic loss, which is unpredictable .So MIKE should not be held responsible for FRED. 。

厂家可以有什么理由辩解吗？我认为没有，因为疏忽大意的抗辩有两个条件： 一 原告自己也有粗心大意，二 原告自愿承担了风险，这二者此案例中都没有，所以这个公司应承担全部责任，没有什么辩解的。

Is there any reasons manufacturers can justify it? I do not think so, because there are two conditions of the negligence defense: a plaintiff also has its own carelessness, the plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risk, which in this case the two are not, so the company should take full responsibility, there is no excuse.。

疏忽的行为必须造成损失，这是证明有疏忽大意民事侵权存在的第三个要素。首先要考虑的事，损失是否由于被告疏忽大意引起的。这就是因果关系的因素。要问的就是“原告所遭受到得损失是因为被告违背了其谨慎爱护责任引起的吗？”第二个要考虑的是损失不能太遥远，太间接。只有可预见的损失能够得到补偿。

It is the third factor to prove the existence of civil tort carelessness if the careless behaviors which has a damage. First thing to consider is whether the loss caused by defendant’s carelessness. This is the causal relationship between factors. Which has to ask is that "did the loss the plaintiff suffered is due to the breach of duty of care caused by defendant?” The second to consider is the loss can not too far nor indirect. Only foreseeable loss can be compensated.。

纯手工翻译，可能有错，但比软件翻得强，那个没有语法的。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/drillshave-130.html