pythagorean-80

合成器PA5、PSR3000不知哪个性价比高

Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯 。

参阅下面的网页.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pythagoras.html。

谁能帮我找RATIONALISM的资料？

YAMAHA PSR3000

[img]http://www.01-world.com/bbs/attachments/month_0504/XEDW_YAMAHA_PSR3000a.jpg[/img]。

一般性能

琴键 61键 (C1 ~ C6)，带有力度触感 。

复音数 最大128复音

显示屏 320 x 240 QVGA彩色LCD，可显示歌词和乐谱 。

语种 英、法、德、意、日、西班牙 。

音源 AWM立体声采样音源

音色

829个预置音色 332面板音色 + 480 XG音色 + 17 套鼓 。

兼容性 GM2, XG, GS 。

Mega Voices 钢弦吉他, Hi String Guitar, 12弦吉他, 清音吉他, 过载吉他, 失真吉他, 纯音贝司, 指弹贝司, 匹克贝司, 无品贝司 。

Sweet! Voices 小提琴, 曼托林, 圆号, 双簧管, 口琴, 中音萨克斯, 次中音萨克斯，高音萨克斯, 长笛, 排箫, 单簧管, 小号, 长号, 弱音小号 。

Cool! Voices Vintage Lead, Power Lead, Blue Guitar, Clean Guitar, Galaxy EP, Suitcase EP, Electric Piano, Finger Bass, DynoPick Bass, Fretless, Jazz Guitar, Funk Guitar, Electric Guitar, Stratsphere, Organ, Jazz Organ, Rotor Organ, Full Rocker 。

Live! Voices Grand Piano, Warm Grand, 12 String, Nylon Guitar, Steel Guitar, DynoSteel 1, DynoSteel 2, Classic Guitar, Strings, Allegro Strings, Orchestra, Sax Section, Sax Section Soft, Sax Section Hard, Hyper Brass, Pop Brass, Octave Brass, French Horns, Gospel Choir 。

音色创造 可保存于用户存储区, USB驱动器或SmartMedia卡 - 数目不限 。

管风笛 用户管风笛音色可保存于任何存储区，使用了九段调整的模型技术 。

音色叠加 右手1, 右手2

音色分割 左手1 (带保持功能) 。

效果

回响 35 种预置 + 3 用户自定义 。

和声 30 种预置 + 3 用户自定义 。

DSP1 183 种预置 + 3 用户自定义 。

DSP 2 ~ 4 106 种预置 + 10 用户自定义 。

复音/单音 有 - 单音模式下滑音时间可调 。

人声效果器 61 预置 + 10 用户 (最大3复音) 。

麦克效果 噪音门, 压限器, 3段EQ 。

协调/反射 17 种预置

主EQ (5段) 5 种预置 + 2个用户自定义 。

声部EQ (2段) 28 个声部(右手1, 右手2, 左手, 风格声部 8 个, 乐曲声部 16 个, 多重长音) 。

触感 初始触感 开/关

速度 5 ~ 500

调律 414.8 ~ 440Hz ~ 466.8 。

音阶类型 Equal Temperament, Pure Major, Pure Minor, Pythagorean, Mean-Tone, Werckmeister, Kirnberger, Arabic 1, 2 。

移调 -12 ~ 0 ~ 12 (可单独分配给键盘/乐曲/主音色) 。

上部八度 -1, 0 +1

声部八度 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 。

实时控制 弯音轮, 调制轮

自动伴奏

预置风格 240 个预置风格，共11大类 + 用户定义类。

Pro Styles: 217; Session Styles: 23。

用户风格 可保存于用户区, USB驱动器或SmartMedia卡 - 数目不限 。

直接磁盘访问 有 (风格可以从任何驱动器上直接使用 - 就象使用内部风格一样) 。

格式 SFF (Style File Format) 。

控制 自动伴奏开/关，OTS Link, 自动加花, 引子 x 3, 加花 x 4, 中断 x 1, 变奏 x 4, 尾奏 x 3, 淡入/淡出, 击拍定速, 同步启动, 同步停止, 渐弱渐慢 。

声部 8 声部，每声部可完全控制混音 。

指弹和弦模式 单指和弦, 多指和弦, 自动和弦, 贝司低音, 全键盘, 智能模式, 智能全键盘模式 。

多重长音 控制: 4 个类型按钮 + 停止 + 库选择. 预置: 80 个库 x 4 种. 用户可编辑，可保存于用户区,USB驱动器或SmartMedia卡 - 数目不限 。

快速访问记忆

单触键设定 每风格4个 - 可编辑修改 。

音乐数据库 超过1000首歌的预置, 可编辑修改 。

注册记忆 8个注册按钮 + 冻结功能 (可保存于用户区,USB驱动器或 SmartMedia卡 - 数目不限) 。

乐曲

兼容性 General MIDI 2 (SMF 0,1) with Lyrics, XG, KAR, XF, Scorch, Tune 1000® 。

选择 快速开始模式加下一首模式 。

乐曲数目 数目不限 - 可保存于 用户区,USB驱动器或 SmartMedia卡 。

音轨数 内部使用16轨，通过USB连接到计算机可使用32轨 。

录音 快速录音, 多轨录音, 单步录音, 乐曲编辑 。

容量 大约35,000个音符 。

歌词 可显示MIDI文件中的歌词 。

乐谱 放大/缩小, 用户可选择显示哪一轨的乐谱;可控制音符名、歌词、和弦的显示开关, 显示调号，量化 。

Guide Modes: Follow lights, Any Key, Karao-Key 。

演奏助手 有. 配合XF格式文件(内嵌和弦信息的乐曲MIDI文件). 。

存储器

用户存储区 1.5 MB

SmartMedia插槽 可选的SmartMedia卡: 3.3 伏, 最大128 MB 。

USB 存储器 可选的软驱, U盘或USB硬盘驱动器 。

连接接口

视频输出 NTSC, PAL - 用户可选择输出内容(仅仅歌词或者LCD屏幕的全部) 。

USB to Device 1个接口，用来连接可选的宽带INTERNET适配器或者USB存储器(如：USB软盘驱动器、U盘、硬盘、CD-ROM)。当使用自供电的USB hub时，最多可连接两个USB存储器和1个宽带Internet适配器。

USB to Host 1个接口用于MIDI输入输出, 存储器维护 (拷贝, 粘贴, 改名, 移动等等) 。

MIDI MIDI 输入/输出 。

脚踏板 - 用户可自定义功能 Foot Pedal 1 Default Sustain / 2 DSP Variation 。

音频 耳机

线路输出 R, L/L+R + 辅助输出 (RCA® Jacks) 固定音量 R, L/L+R。

辅助输入 R, L/L+R

麦可/线路输入 - 动圈式MIC (推荐阻抗250欧) 音量调节, 信号/过载指示 。

功率放大 12 W x 2

扬声器 (12 cm + 4 cm) x 2。

=========================================。

特点：

音调产生：

发声是基于korg所宣称的triton hi（超整体综合）系统，使得pa50听起来象一个专业的合成器；总计32mb的专业音库，所有传统的声音和特殊的独奏乐器，如立体钢琴、萨克斯、小号、长笛、吉他和口琴音色都被提成，可以储存160个表演用音色；

最新的双音序器设计

如同pa80一样，pa50提供了完全独立的定序，可通过交叉淡变器进行混合和同时操作，在音序器运行时，可使用4个实时键盘声道试用不同的表演；

后备音序，为您的音乐意念录音，是pa50所提供的最明显的优点，pa50背景音序器可利用伴奏系统提供你所需的尽可能少或多的乐队。若只需要鼓，可选择风格并按几个键以创建鼓声道，增加需要的填充。想要更多？使用全部系统可供音的8个伴奏，他们将跟随你的每一意念。

歌曲

键盘上的16声道音序器还允许实时或分步骤录音。所有的编辑特征，如量化、事件编辑、变调、速度、删除、灌制、插入、粘贴。简单声音编辑等都是凭直觉就能够完成非常易于使用。而四个有程序设计的立体数字效果可同时使用以创建令人兴奋的、专业的混合效果。

可与korg l系列兼容

可设计的pad

4个垫子（pad）可为每一表演和sis做独立设计，电子可用来预先设置声音货复制踏板作业功能。例如，与舞蹈风格或旋转扬声器快、慢开关连接以及与管乐器表演一起，你可得到摩擦声、尽可施展你的想象力。

可容纳多至20mb的压缩资料的磁盘，是最新磁盘技术，比只读的rom有更高的表演性能。

多任务操作

pa50拥有强大的多任务操作系统，可允许在演唱时装载新风格，正在播放一首歌曲时，可装载新的程序，甚至在听歌曲意念时，可编辑声音或全部参数。这使得与其一起工作成为一个很滚动的过程——技术决不会阻挡你的创造力。

完美放大

pa50拥有一个全新的的15w*2的功率放大器/扬声器系统，包括一个可用于平滑、深沉、强大声音回放的固定的均衡器。

漂亮的设计

pa50清洁的线条如同其声音听起来一样漂亮。

易于使用的目的，迫使产品带有逻辑控制面版和线性结构的风格，可使用户轻轻触摸按钮，就可以方便实用所有最普遍的功能，选择一个风格、程序、表演或独立触摸设置，从没有像今天这样如此简单。

==============================================。

以上是两种合成器的资料

合成器的很多功能都是可用软件实现的，所以花哨的功能在降低产品的性价比。

PSR3000的USB驱动器或 SmartMedia卡还是很吸引我的，并且中文操作和那个显示屏，都是很实用的，虽然提高了成本。

PA50吸引我的是多任务操作，这确实可以使你的效率提高。

另外，这两款合成器的具体价格我不大清楚，如果不考虑价格的话，我觉得PSR3000比较好些，因为用户有很大的扩充空间。

适合初中生阅读的英语故事小短文

Rationalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。

Jump to: navigation, search。

This article is about the philosophical method, position, theory, or view. For other uses, see Rationalism (disambiguation).。

In epistemology and in its broadest sense, rationalism is "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286). In more technical terms it is a method or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive" (Bourke 263). Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position "that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge" to the radical position that reason is "the unique path to knowledge" (Audi 771).。

Contents [hide]。

1 Background

2 Philosophical usage 。

3 History of rationalism 。

3.1 Classical Greek rationalists 。

3.2 Neoplatonism 。

3.3 René Descartes (1596–1650) 。

3.4 Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) 。

3.5 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) 。

4 References

4.1 Primary sources 。

4.2 Secondary sources 。

5 See also

6 External links 。

[edit] Background。

The Western philosophical tradition "begins with the Eleatics, Pythagoreans, and Plato, whose theory of the self-sufficiency of reason became the leitmotif of Neoplatonism and idealism" (Runes 263). Since the Enlightenment, rationalism is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into philosophy, as in Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza (Bourke 263). This is commonly called continental rationalism, because it was predominant in the continental schools of Europe, whereas in Britain empiricism dominated.。

Rationalism is often contrasted with empiricism. Taken very broadly these views are not mutually exclusive, since a philosopher can be both rationalist and empiricist (Lacey 286–287). Taken to extremes the empiricist view holds that all ideas come to us through experience, either through the five external senses or through such inner sensations as pain and pleasure, and thus that knowledge is essentially based on or derived from experience. At issue is the fundamental source of human knowledge, and the proper techniques for verifying what we think we know (see Epistemology).。

Proponents of some varieties of rationalism argue that, starting with foundational basic principles, like the axioms of geometry, one could deductively derive the rest of all possible knowledge. The philosophers who held this view most clearly were Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, whose attempts to grapple with the epistemological and metaphysical problems raised by Descartes led to a development of the fundamental approach of rationalism. Both Spinoza and Leibniz asserted that, in principle, all knowledge, including scientific knowledge, could be gained through the use of reason alone, though they both observed that this was not possible in practice for human beings except in specific areas such as mathematics. On the other hand, Leibniz admitted that "we are all mere Empirics in three fourths of our actions" (Monadology § 28, cited in Audi 772).。

[edit] Philosophical usage。

The distinction between rationalists and empiricists was drawn at a later period, and would not have been recognized by the philosophers involved. Also, the distinction was not as clear-cut as is sometimes suggested; for example, the three main rationalists were all committed to the importance of empirical science, and in many respects the empiricists were closer to Descartes in their methods and metaphysical theories than were Spinoza and Leibniz.。

[edit] History of rationalism。

[edit] Classical Greek rationalists。

Socrates (ca 470–399B.C.) 。

Main article: Socrates。

Socrates firmly believed that, before anyone can understand the world, they first need to understand themselves; the only way to accomplish that is with rational thought. In order to understand what this means, one needs first to appreciate the Greek understanding of the world. Man is composed of two parts, a body and a soul. The soul itself has two principal parts, an Irrational part, which is the emotions and desires, and a Rational part, which is our true self. In our everyday experience, the irrational soul is drawn down into the physical body by its desires and merged with it, so that our perception of the world is limited to that delivered by the physical senses. The rational soul is beyond our conscious knowledge, but sometimes communicates via images, dreams, and other means. The task of the philosopher is to refine and eventually extract the irrational soul from its bondage, hence the need for moral development, and then to connect with the rational soul, and so become a complete person, manifesting the higher spiritual essence of the person whilst in the physical. True rationalism is therefore not simply an intellectual process, but a shift in perception and a shift in the qualitative nature of the person. The rational soul perceives the world in a spiritual manner - it sees the Platonic Forms - the essence of what things are. To know the world in this way requires that one first know oneself as a soul, hence the requirement to 'know thyself', i.e. to know who you truly are.。

Socrates did not publish or write any of his thoughts, but he was constantly in discussion with others. He would usually start by asking a rhetorical (seemingly answerable) question, to which the other would give an answer. Socrates would then continue to ask questions until all conflicts were resolved, or until the other could do nothing else but admit to not knowing the answer (which was what most of his discussions ended with). Socrates did not claim to know the answers, but that did not take away the ability to critically and rationally approach problems. His goal was to show that ultimately our intellectual approach to the world is flawed, and we need to transcend this in order to obtain a true knowledge of what things are.。

[edit] Neoplatonism。

Main article: Neoplatonism。

Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by the Egyptian philosopher Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists. Neoplatonists considered themselves simply "Platonists", and the modern distinction is due to the perception that their philosophy contained enough unique interpretations of Plato to make it substantively different from what Plato wrote and believed.。

Neoplatonism took definitive shape with the philosopher Plotinus, who claimed to have received his teachings from Ammonius Saccas, a dock worker and philosopher in Alexandria. Plotinus was also influenced by Alexander of Aphrodisias and Numenius. Plotinus's student Porphyry assembled his teachings into the six Enneads.。

Subsequent Neoplatonic philosophers included Hypatia of Alexandria, Iamblichus, Proclus, Hierocles of Alexandria, Simplicius of Cilicia, and Damascius, who wrote On First Principles. Born in Damascus, he was the last teacher of Neoplatonism at Athens. Neoplatonism strongly influenced Christian thinkers (such as Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Pseudo-Dionysius, John Scotus Eriugena, and Bonaventura). Neoplatonism was also present in medieval Islamic and Jewish thinkers such as al-Farabi and Maimonides, and experienced a revival in the Renaissance with the acquisition and translation of Greek and Arabic Neoplatonic texts.。

[edit] René Descartes (1596–1650)。

Main article: René Descartes。

Descartes thought that only knowledge of eternal truths – including the truths of mathematics, and the epistemological and metaphysical foundations of the sciences – could be attained by reason alone; other knowledge, the knowledge of physics, required experience of the world, aided by the scientific method. He also argued that although dreams appear as real as sense experience, these dreams cannot provide persons with knowledge. Also, since conscious sense experience can be the cause of illusions, then sense experience itself can be doubtable. As a result, Descartes deduced that a rational pursuit of truth should doubt every belief about reality. He elaborated these beliefs in such works as Discourse on Method, Meditations on First Philosophy, and Principles of Philosophy. Descartes developed a method to attain truths according to which nothing which cannot be recognised by the intellect (or reason) can be classified as knowledge. These truths are gained "without any sensory experience", according to Descartes. Truths that are attained by reason are to be broken down into elements which intuition can grasp, which, through a purely deductive process, will result in clear truths about reality.。

Descartes therefore argued, as a result of his method, that reason alone determined knowledge, and that this could be done independently of the senses. For instance, his famous dictum, cogito ergo sum, is a conclusion reached a priori and not through an inference from experience. This was, for Descartes, an irrefutable principle upon which to ground all forms of other knowledge. Descartes posited a metaphysical dualism, distinguishing between the substances of the human body ("res extensa") and the mind or soul ("res cogitans") . This crucial distinction would be left unresolved and lead to what is known as the mind-body problem, since the two substances in the Cartesian system are independent of each other and irreducible.。

[edit] Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)。

Main article: Gottfried Leibniz。

Leibniz was the last of the great Rationalists, who contributed heavily to other fields such as mathematics. His system however was not developed independently of these advances. Leibniz rejected Cartesian dualism, and denied the existence of a material world. In Leibniz's view there are infinitely many simple substances, which he called "monads" (possibly taking the term from the work of Anne Conway).。

Leibniz developed his theory of monads in response to both Descartes and Spinoza. In rejecting this response he was forced to arrive at his own solution. Monads are the fundamental unit of reality, according to Leibniz, constituting both inanimate and animate things. These units of reality represent the universe, though they are not subject to the laws of causality or space (which he called "well-founded phenomena"). Leibniz therefore introduced his principle of pre-established harmony, in order to account for apparent causality in the world.。

[edit] Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)。

Main article: Immanuel Kant。

Immanuel Kant started as a traditional rationalist, having studied the rationalists Leibniz and Wolff, but after studying David Hume's works, which "awoke [him] from [his] dogmatic slumbers", he developed a distinctive and very influential rationalism of his own which attempted to synthesise the traditional rationalist and empiricist traditions.。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism。

理性主义

维基百科，自由的百科全书

跳转到: 导航, 搜索

关於理性主义建筑，详见「功能主义建筑」。

理性主义、欧洲理性主义是建立在承认人的推理可以作为知识来源的理论基础上的一种哲学方法。一般认为随着笛卡儿的理论而产生，17-18世纪间主要在欧洲大陆上得以传播。同时代相对的另一种哲学方法被称为不列颠经验主义（经验主义中的的一派），它认为人类的想法来源于经验，所以知识可能除了数学以外主要来源于经验。这里主要关注的是人类的知识来源以及证实我们所知的一种手段。

理性主义者及经验主义者的区别在当时并没有被哲学家予以区分，而是后代进行了区分。事实上，有时两者之间的区分并不像人们所说的那么显著。三位主要的理性主义者都认同经验科学的重要性，并且他们在研究方法及形而上学的理论上更接近笛卡儿而不是斯宾诺莎（Baruch Spinoza）和莱布尼兹（Gottfried Leibnitz）。尽管这种区分在著书立作时很有必要，他们在哲学本身来说不是非常有用。

典型的理性主义者认为，人类首先本能地掌握一些基本原则，如几何法则，随后可以依据这些推理出其余知识。最典型的持这种观点的是斯宾诺莎及莱布尼兹，在他们试图解决由笛卡儿提出的认知及形而上学问题的过程中，他们使理性主义的基本方法得以发展。斯宾诺莎及莱布尼兹都认为原则上所有知识（包括科学知识）可以通过单纯的推理得到，另一方面他们也承认现实中除了数学之外人类不能做到单纯用推理得到别的知识。

笛卡儿的理论相对来说更接近柏拉图，他认为只有一些永恒真理（包括数学以及科学的认知及形而上学基础）可以单纯靠推理得到，其余的知识需要借助生活经验以及必要的科学手段。更准确地说笛卡儿是一位重视形而上学的理性主义者，是一位重视科学的经验主义者。

康德开始时是一位理性主义者,但是经过休谟（David Hume）的“将他从沉睡中唤醒”的著作的熏陶，他成了理性主义者以及经验主义者的综合体。

现在“理性主义者”表达一种人类行为应该由理性所支配的观点（这种观点被欧洲理性主义者以及类似的经验主义者所认同）。

目录 [隐藏]

1 哲学的用法

2 唯理主义者

2.1 苏格拉底

3 外部连结

[编辑] 哲学的用法

区别在唯理主义者和经验主义者之间在一后时期拉，并且不将有关哲学家认出。此外，有时区别并不明确；例如，3名主要唯理主义者全部保证经验学的重要性， 与是斯宾诺莎和莱布尼兹相比，并且在许多方面那些经验主义者用他们的方法和形而上学的理论更接近於笛卡儿。

[编辑] 唯理主义者

[编辑] 苏格拉底

主条目：苏格拉底

苏格拉底（Socrates）坚定相信任何人能理解世界，他们第一个需要理解自己。并且完成那的唯一的模式是用合理的想法。苏格拉底没出版或者写他的任何想法，但是他与其他人在讨论过程中经常。他通常透过问一（好像有责任）开始 问题，另一个将给一个答案。苏格拉底於是将继续问问题，直到全部冲突被解决，或者直到另一个能做正是承认他不知道答案（哪个是他的大多数讨论以结束的）。苏格拉底没声称知道答案，但是关键地并且合理地接近问题的能力并不因此而被带走。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89。

求适合高一学生背诵的英语美文，每篇50个字就行，越多越好，谢谢！！！

Bertrand Russell 。

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love ,the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. 。

I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy -- ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it , next, because it relieves loneliness-- that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world , into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what -- at last -- I have found. 。

With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much I have achieved. 。

Love and knowlidge , so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of lonelines, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. 。

This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 。

　 我为什么活着

罗素

三股简单而非凡强烈的激情一直控制着我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的追求和对人类苦难不堪忍受的怜悯。这三股激情，象阵阵巨风，把我在痛苦的海洋的路途中吹得任意东西，变动无常，直吹到了绝望的边缘。

我寻求爱，首先是因为它带来了欣喜若狂之情——欣喜若狂使人如此心醉神迷，我常常愿意牺牲我的全部余生来换取几小时这样的欢乐。我寻求爱，其次是因为它能解除寂寞——那种可怕的寂寞，如同一个人毛发悚然地从这世界的边缘探望令人战栗的死气沉沉的无底深渊。我寻求爱，最后是因为在爱的结合中我看到了圣徒们和诗人们所想象的预言中的天堂景象的神秘雏型。这就是我所寻求的东西，虽然它也许似乎是人生所难以得到的美好事物，但这就是——最后——我终于找到的东西。

我怀着同样的激情寻求知识。我希望理解人们的心。我希望知道星星为什么发光。我力图领悟毕达哥拉斯的才能，他的才能使数字支配着不断变动的事物。在这方面，我只达到了一小部分，并不很多。

爱和知识，尽其可能，远远地把人引向九天之上。倡怜悯总是把我带回到地面上来。痛苦的呼号的回声在我心里回荡。受饥挨饿的儿童，在压迫者折磨下受苦受难的人们，无依无靠而成为自己子女嫌恶的负担的老人，以及整个孤苦寂寞的世界，穷困与痛苦都在嘲弄着人生，使人们不能过应有的美好生活。我渴望减轻灾难祸害，但是我力不从心，我自己也在受苦。

这就是我的一生。我觉得我的一生过得很值得。如果我还有机会的话，我将乐意再度过这样的一生。

这篇文章 是标准的英语专业四级作文范文，英语专业必备，所有的精美英文收集书中都有这一篇。

英语专业八级 ，希望能够帮到你。

求比较好的英语朗诵稿针对英语教师的

01 Youth

Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.。

Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.。

Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.。

Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young.。

When your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there’s hope you may die young at 80.。

译文： 青春

青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙热的恋情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。

青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，二十后生而有之，六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加，并非垂老，理想丢弃，方堕暮年。

岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。

无论年届花甲，拟或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线，只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就青春永驻，风华常存。 、

一旦天线下降，锐气便被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已垂垂老矣；然则只要树起天线，捕捉乐观信号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻。

02 Three Days to See (Excerpts)。

All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year, sometimes as short as 24 hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed hero chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.。

Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings, what regrets?。

Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with gentleness, vigor and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. There are those, of course, who would adopt the Epicurean motto of “Eat, drink, and be merry”. But most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.。

In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. He becomes more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.。

Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.。

The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in adult life. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.。

I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.。

译文： 假如给我三天光明（节选）

我们都读过震撼人心的故事，故事中的主人公只能再活一段很有限的时光，有时长达一年，有时却短至一日。但我们总是想要知道，注定要离世人的会选择如何度过自己最后的时光。当然，我说的是那些有选择权利的自由人，而不是那些活动范围受到严格限定的死囚。

这样的故事让我们思考，在类似的处境下，我们该做些什么？作为终有一死的人，在临终前的几个小时内我们应该做什么事，经历些什么或做哪些联想？回忆往昔，什么使我们开心快乐？什么又使我们悔恨不已？

有时我想，把每天都当作生命中的最后一天来边，也不失为一个极好的生活法则。这种态度会使人格外重视生命的价值。我们每天都应该以优雅的姿态，充沛的精力，抱着感恩之心来生活。但当时间以无休止的日，月和年在我们面前流逝时，我们却常常没有了这种子感觉。当然，也有人奉行“吃，喝，享受”的享乐主义信条，但绝大多数人还是会受到即将到来的死亡的惩罚。

在故事中，将死的主人公通常都在最后一刻因突降的幸运而获救，但他的价值观通常都会改变，他变得更加理解生命的意义及其永恒的精神价值。我们常常注意到，那些生活在或曾经生活在死亡阴影下的人无论做什么都会感到幸福。

然而，我们中的大多数人都把生命看成是理所当然的。我们知道有一天我们必将面对死亡，但总认为那一天还在遥远的将来。当我们身强体健之时，死亡简直不可想象，我们很少考虑到它。日子多得好像没有尽头。因此我们一味忙于琐事，几乎意识不到我们对待生活的冷漠态度。

我担心同样的冷漠也存在于我们对自己官能和意识的运用上。只有聋子才理解听力的重要，只有盲人才明白视觉的可贵，这尤其适用于那些成年后才失去视力或听力之苦的人很少充分利用这些宝贵的能力。他们的眼睛和耳朵模糊地感受着周围的景物与声音，心不在焉，也无所感激。这正好我们只有在失去后才懂得珍惜一样，我们只有在生病后才意识到健康的可贵。

我经常想，如果每个人在年轻的时候都有几天失时失聪，也不失为一件幸事。黑暗将使他更加感激光明，寂静将告诉他声音的美妙。

03 Companionship of Books。

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.。

A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.。

Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, ‘Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:” Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.。

A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man’s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters.。

Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive e but what is really good.。

Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see the as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.。

The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which on still listens.。

译文： 以书为伴（节选）

通常看一个读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看他同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样，因为有人以人为伴，也有人以书为伴。无论是书友还是朋友，我们都应该以最好的为伴。

好书就像是你最好的朋友。它始终不渝，过去如此，现在如此，将来也永远不变。它是最有耐心，最令人愉悦的伴侣。在我们穷愁潦倒，临危遭难时，它也不会抛弃我们，对我们总是一如既往地亲切。在我们年轻时，好书陶冶我们的性情，增长我们的知识；到我们年老时，它又给我们以慰藉和勉励。

人们常常因为喜欢同一本书而结为知已，就像有时两个人因为敬慕同一个人而成为朋友一样。有句古谚说道：“爱屋及屋。”其实“爱我及书”这句话蕴涵更多的哲理。书是更为真诚而高尚的情谊纽带。人们可以通过共同喜爱的作家沟通思想，交流感情，彼此息息相通，并与自己喜欢的作家思想相通，情感相融。

好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人生的思想的精华，因为人生的境界主要就在于其思想的境界。因此，最好的书是金玉良言和崇高思想的宝库，这些良言和思想若铭记于心并多加珍视，就会成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰藉。

书籍具有不朽的本质，是为人类努力创造的最为持久的成果。寺庙会倒坍，神像会朽烂，而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关紧要的。多年前初次闪现于作者脑海的伟大思想今日依然清新如故。时间惟一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。

书籍介绍我们与最优秀的人为伍，使我们置身于历代伟人巨匠之间，如闻其声，如观其行，如见其人，同他们情感交融，悲喜与共，感同身受。我们觉得自己仿佛在作者所描绘的舞台上和他们一起粉墨登场。

即使在人世间，伟大杰出的人物也永生不来。他们的精神被载入书册，传于四海。书是人生至今仍在聆听的智慧之声，永远充满着活力。

04 If I Rest, I Rust。

The significant inscription found on an old key---“If I rest, I rust”---would be an excellent motto for those who are afflicted with the slightest bit of idleness. Even the most industrious person might adopt it with advantage to serve as a reminder that, if one allows his faculties to rest, like the iron in the unused key, they will soon show signs of rust and, ultimately, cannot do the work required of them.。

Those who would attain the heights reached and kept by great men must keep their faculties polished by constant use, so that they may unlock the doors of knowledge, the gate that guard the entrances to the professions, to science, art, literature, agriculture---every department of human endeavor.。

Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of achievement. If Hugh Miller, after toiling all day in a quarry, had devoted his evenings to rest and recreation, he would never have become a famous geologist. The celebrated mathematician, Edmund Stone, would never have published a mathematical dictionary, never have found the key to science of mathematics, if he had given his spare moments to idleness, had the little Scotch lad, Ferguson, allowed the busy brain to go to sleep while he tended sheep on the hillside instead of calculating the position of the stars by a string of beads, he would never have become a famous astronomer.。

Labor vanquishes all---not inconstant, spasmodic, or ill-directed labor; but faithful, unremitting, daily effort toward a well-directed purpose. Just as truly as eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, so is eternal industry the price of noble and enduring success.。

04 译文： 如果我休息，我就会生锈。

在一把旧钥匙上发现了一则意义深远的铭文——如果我休息，我就会生锈。对于那些懒散而烦恼的人来说，这将是至理名言。甚至最为勤勉的人也以此作为警示：如果一个人有才能而不用，就像废弃钥匙上的铁一样，这些才能就会很快生锈，并最终无法完成安排给自己的工作。

有些人想取得伟人所获得并保持的成就，他们就必须不断运用自身才能，以便开启知识的大门，即那些通往人类努力探求的各个领域的大门，这些领域包括各种职业：科学，艺术，文学，农业等。

勤奋使开启成功宝库的钥匙保持光亮。如果休•米勒在采石场劳作一天后，晚上的时光用来休息消遣的话，他就不会成为名垂青史的地质学家。著名数学家爱德蒙•斯通如果闲暇时无所事事，就不会出版数学词典，也不会发现开启数学之门的钥匙。如果苏格兰青年弗格森在山坡上放羊时，让他那思维活跃的大脑处于休息状态，而不是借助一串珠子计算星星的位置，他就不会成为著名的天文学家。

劳动征服一切。这里所指的劳动不是断断续续的，间歇性的或方向偏差的劳动，而是坚定的，不懈的，方向正确的每日劳动。正如要想拥有自由就要时刻保持警惕一样，要想取得伟大的，持久的成功，就必须坚持不懈地努力。

05 Ambition

It is not difficult to imagine a world short of ambition. It would probably be a kinder world: with out demands, without abrasions, without disappointments. People would have time for reflection. Such work as they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity. Competition would never enter in. conflict would be eliminated, tension become a thing of the past. The stress of creation would be at an end. Art would no longer be troubling, but purely celebratory in its functions. Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart.。

Ah, how unrelieved boring life would be!。

There is a strong view that holds that success is a myth, and ambition therefore a sham. Does this mean that success does not really exist? That achievement is at bottom empty? That the efforts of men and women are of no significance alongside the force of movements and events now not all success, obviously, is worth esteeming, nor all ambition worth cultivating. Which are and which are not is something one soon enough learns on one’s own. But even the most cynical secretly admit that success exists; that achievement counts for a great deal; and that the true myth is that the actions of men and women are useless. To believe otherwise is to take on a point of view that is likely to be deranging. It is, in its implications, to remove all motives for competence, interest in attainment, and regard for posterity.。

We do not choose to be born. We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live: courageously or in cowardice, honorably or dishonorably, with purpose or in drift. We decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.。

译文： 抱负

一个缺乏抱负的世界将会怎样，这不难想象。或许，这将是一个更为友善的世界：没有渴求，没有磨擦，没有失望。人们将有时间进行反思。他们所从事的工作将不是为了他们自身，而是为了整个集体。竞争永远不会介入；冲突将被消除。人们的紧张关系将成为过往云烟。创造的重压将得以终结。艺术将不再惹人费神，其功能将纯粹为了庆典。人的寿命将会更长，因为由激烈拼争引起的心脏病和中风所导致的死亡将越来越少。焦虑将会消失。时光流逝，抱负却早已远离人心。

啊，长此以往人生将变得多么乏味无聊！

有一种盛行的观点认为，成功是一种神话，因此抱负亦属虚幻。这是不是说实际上并不丰在成功？成就本身就是一场空？与诸多运动和事件的力量相比，男男女女的努力显得微不足？显然，并非所有的成功都值得景仰，也并非所有的抱负都值得追求。对值得和不值得的选择，一个人自然而然很快就能学会。但即使是最为愤世嫉俗的人暗地里也承认，成功确实存在，成就的意义举足轻重，而把世上男男女女的所作所为说成是徒劳无功才是真正的无稽之谈。认为成功不存在的观点很可能造成混乱。这种观点的本意是一笔勾销所有提高能力的动机，求取业绩的兴趣和对子孙后代的关注。

我们无法选择出生，无法选择父母，无法选择出生的历史时期与国家，或是成长的周遭环境。我们大多数人都无法选择死亡，无法选择死亡的时间或条件。但是在这些无法选择之中，我们的确可以选择自己的生活方式：是勇敢无畏还是胆小怯懦，是光明磊落还是厚颜无耻，是目标坚定还是随波逐流。我们决定生活中哪些至关重要，哪些微不足道。我们决定，用以显示我们自身重要性的，不是我们做了什么，就是我们拒绝做些什么。但是不论世界对我们所做的选择和决定有多么漠不关心，这些选择和决定终究是我们自己做出的。我们决定，我们选择。而当我们决定和选择时，我们的生活便得以形成。最终构筑我们命运的就是抱负之所在。

06 What I Have Lived For。

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.。

I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness---that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what---at last---I have found.。

With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.。

Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always it brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.。

This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.。

译文： 我为何而生

我的一生被三种简单却又无比强烈的激情所控制：对爱的渴望，对知识的探索和对人类苦难难以抑制的屿。这些激情像狂风，把我恣情吹向四方，掠过苦痛的大海，迫使我濒临绝望的边缘。

我寻求爱，首先因为它使我心为之着迷，这种难以名状的美妙迷醉使我愿意用所有的余生去换取哪怕几个小时这样的幸福。我寻求爱，还因为它能缓解我心理上的孤独中，我感觉心灵的战栗，仿如站在世界的边缘而面前是冰冷，无底的死亡深渊。我寻求爱，因为在我所目睹的结合中，我仿佛看到了圣贤与诗人们所向往的天堂之景。这就是我所寻找的，虽然对人的一生而言似乎有些遥不可及，但至少是我用尽一生所领悟到的。

我用同样的激情去寻求知识。我希望能理解人类的心灵，希望能够知道群星闪烁的缘由。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯所景仰的“数即万物”的思想。我已经悟出了其中的一点点道理，尽管并不是很多。

爱和知识，用它们的力量把人引向天堂。但是同情却总把人又拽回到尘世中来。痛苦的呼喊声回荡在我的内心。饥饿的孩子，受压迫的难民，贫穷和痛苦的世界，都是对人类所憧憬的美好生活的无情嘲弄。我渴望能够减少邪恶，但是我无能为力，我也难逃其折磨。

这就是我的一生。我已经找到它的价值。而且如果有机会，我很愿意能再活它一次。

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