lamella-50

骨头科学知识

Usually known as the mushroom fungus is in a class, that is, the fruiting bodies of fungi burden. The burden is the fruiting bodies of fungi growing on the ground floor, looks very much like to play in the Village of an umbrella. On the ground floor there is albicans filamentous, spread all over the mycelium, which is the burden of nutrition-related bacteria, that is, non-reproductive organs. To a certain temperature and humidity conditions, to obtain mycelial enough nutrients on the fruit began to take shape. In the early fruiting body as eggs exposed on the ground, rapidly developed into a fruiting body, Jungai, stipe, up bacteria, fungi such as the ring. Mature fruit body shape, size, height, color, texture, and so very different. The large-diameter up to about 40 cm high up to about 50 cm; little less than half centimeters in diameter, 1 cm high, however. It will now be part of the description of the characters are as follows: Jungai fruiting body is the most obvious, like a hat. Wide variety of shapes, there are common bell-shaped, hats shaped, hemispherical, flat-shaped, funnel-shaped, and so on. Jungai color complex, although basically can identify white, yellow, brown, gray, red, green, purple color, and so on, but there are all kinds of deep color, light, light, strong differences are more common Mixed color. Young and old when they cooked the color can be different from the edge of the central government and the color is often the difference. Surface dry, wet, sticky, smooth, rough, and with a variety of adjunct: cilia, the ring pattern, and so on a variety of scales. These appendage of the shape, size, color and have all kinds of changes. Jungai the edge of the shape is not the same, with young ripe can be completely different shape. After the maturity period can be divided into the general volume, roll back, Shangqiao, such as the extension. There are all-around edge and tidy, while others are not neat or Chengbo Lang-torn. Jungai surface of the cortex. Mycelium in the cortex, with different colors, so Jungai a different color. The following is the cortex bacteria of meat, usually long-filamentous mycelium, and some expansion of the bubble by the cystic component of mycelium. Strain meat color, as well as injured after the color change as a result of the type often vary. General bacteria mostly white meat or white pollution, and some were yellow or red, and so on. Boletus bacteria such as meat and more injured after a blue, black mushrooms thin fold into the red after the first change in black, crimping net fold after injury bacteria become brown, and black wax into a black umbrella after injury. 。

Hymenium body is in the long Jungai have the following part of the hymenium, and some were leafy, Miller called the fold. Some were tube, called the control bacteria. Chengfangshezhuang Junzhe order to connect the central stipe at the top of the outside cover to reach the edge of Miller, hymenium arranged on both sides of the fold in the vaccine, or in the presence of the bacteria around inside the tube.。

叶绿体结构是横着的还是竖着的？

1、骨头骨组织由活细胞和矿物质（主要是钙和磷）混合构成，正是这些矿物质使骨头具有坚实的物性。

2、骨头有不同的形状和大小，例如臂骨是长骨，腕骨是短骨，胸骨和颅骨是扁骨，椎骨是不规则骨。成年人的骨主要由两种组织构成：坚硬的密质骨在外，多孔的松质骨又称海绵骨在内。长骨中的大腿骨，或称股骨，中间填满称为黄骨髓的脂肪。

3、凸起的骨端主要由松质骨构成，外包一层薄薄的密质骨。松质骨含有制造血球的红骨髓。大多数骨头的表面覆盖一层致密的纤维膜，称为骨膜。血管和神经纤维穿过骨头坚硬外层上的小通道进入疏松的内部。

4、在生长期间，长骨两端附近的软骨层以预见得到的速度变薄，最终消失，骨头也就停止生长。借助X射线检查可测定生长板的厚度，从而确定骨龄。

5、虽然每个儿童的骨头生长速度不同，但是一般来说，骨龄同年龄是相应的。如果骨龄与年龄之间出现较大的差异，可能是内分泌失调。

叶绿体是含有绿色色素(主要为叶绿素 a 、b)的质体，为绿色植物进行光合作用的场所，存在于高等植物叶肉、幼茎的一些细胞内，藻类细胞中也含有。叶绿体的形状、数目和大小随不同植物和不同细胞而异。

形态总述

在高等植物中叶绿体象双凸或平凸透镜，长径5~10um，短径2~4um，厚2~3um。高等植物的叶肉细胞一般含50～200个叶绿体，可占细胞质的40%，叶绿体的数目因物种细胞类型，生态环境，生理状态而有所不同。在藻类中叶绿体形状多样，有网状、带状、裂片状和星形等等，而且体积巨大，可达100um。

叶绿体由叶绿体外被(chloroplast envelope)、类囊体(thylakoid)和基质(stroma)三部分组成，它是一种含有叶绿素能进行光合作用的细胞器。叶绿体含有3种不同的膜：外膜、内膜、类囊体膜和3种彼此分开的腔：膜间隙、基质和类囊体腔。

外被

叶绿体的周围被有两层光滑的单位膜。两层膜间被一个电子密度低的较亮的空间隔开。这两层单位膜称为叶绿体膜(Chloro-plast membrane)或外被(outer envelope)。叶绿体膜内充满流动状态的基质(stroma)，基质中有许多片层(lamella)结构。

类囊体

每个片层是由周围闭合的两层膜组成,呈扁囊状，称为类囊体。

类囊体内是水溶液。小类囊体互相堆叠在一起形成基粒，这样的类囊体称为基粒类囊体。 组成基粒的片层称为基粒片层。 大的类囊体横贯在基质中，贯穿于两个或两个以上的基粒之间。这样的片层称为基质片层，这样的类囊体称基质类囊体。

基质

是内膜与类囊体之间的空间的液体，主要成分包括碳同化相关的酶类，如1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶占基质可溶性蛋白质总量的60%。此外,还有叶绿体DNA、蛋白质合成体系、某些颗粒成分，如各类RNA、核糖体等蛋白质。

功能

光合作用

光合作用是叶绿素吸收光能，使之转变为化学能，同时利用二氧化碳和水制造有机物并释放氧的过程。这一过程可用下列化学方程式表示:6CO2+6H2O（ 光照、酶、 叶绿体）→C6H12O6（CH2O）+6O2。其中包括很多复杂的步骤，一般分为光反应和暗反应两大阶段。

光反应：这是叶绿素等色素分子吸收，传递光能，将光能转唤为化学能，形成ATP和NADPH的过程。在此过程中水分子被分解，放出氧来。

暗反应：光合作用的下一步骤是在暗处(也可在光下)进行的。它是利用光反应形成的ATP提供能量，NADPH2还原CO2，固定形成的中间产物，制造葡萄糖等碳水化合物的过程。通过这一过程将ATP和NADPH2,中的活跃化学能转换成贮存在碳水化合物中的稳定的化学能。它也称二氧化碳同化或碳同化过程。这是一个有许多种酶参与反应的过程。

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