在英语中,用到动词不定式的情况有很多:
在语法中,动词不定式是指动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。它被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词。
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请。
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.不定式作主语。
I wish to be sent to work in the country.不定式作宾语。
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?不定式作定语。
He went to the hospital to be examined.不定式作状语。
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)。
形式
1) 现在式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.。
He seems to have caught a cold.。
进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.。
完成进行式:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.。
一般在表示情绪的动词后加to do也表将来。
疑问词
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
When to leave for London has not been decided yet. 不定式在句子中做主语Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. 不定式在句子中做宾语。
I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. 不定式在句子中做直接宾语。
The question was where to get the medicine needed. 不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:When we shall leave…③…how I could learn……
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.。
骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
To make up for lost time is not possible.。
要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.。
身子探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible.。
现在好像不可能存钱。
用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.。
照顾老人是我们的责任。
It takes sb+some time+to do。
How long did it take you to finish the work?。
你花了多少时间来完成这项工作?
It+be+形容词+for sb+to do。
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.。
我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.。
你把老师说的所有东西都记下来的行为是很愚蠢的。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.在。
马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
It seems(appears)+形容词+to do。
It seemed impossible to save money.。
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;
在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.。
It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后。
He thought it would be safer to go by train.。
他认为乘火车比较安全。
He will find it is hard to make friends.。
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语。
eg:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.。
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.。
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。
不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型(对)To see is to believe. 眼见为实 < 正确 >。
It is to believe to see. < 错误 >。
作宾语
以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。
afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)
eg:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.。
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.。
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell。
eg:
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to bu.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.。
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.。
He feels it his duty to help the poor.。
I find it difficult to learn English well.。
作补语
动词+宾语+不定式(to do)。
advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge。
eg:
Father will not allow us to play on the street.。
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty.。
我们相信他是有罪的。
to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand。
eg:
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.。
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
eg:
The book is believed to be uninteresting.。
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
there be+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand。
eg:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.。
eg:
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式, 即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:
口诀:“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明:
五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel。
eg:
I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)。
Find 特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
eg:
I found him lying on the ground.。
I found it important to learn.。
I found that to learn English is important.。
动词不定式用法解读动词不定式是一种活跃的非谓语动词。它在句中起的是名词。形容词或副词的作用,可在句子中作主语。宾语。定语。状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式的形式是#to +动词原形#,但to有时要省去。动词不定式在具体运用时,用不用to,取决于谓语动词的用法: 。
一。带to的不定式结构
1.我们学过的能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有:want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like ,love, stop, go, come等。
2.动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not,即not to do sth.。例如: 。
Jim told me not to wake up Kate.吉姆告诉我别叫醒凯特。
二。不带to的不定式结构
以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式: 。
1.在固定词组had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。例如: 。
You had better go home now.你最好现在回家。
It]s cold outside. You]d better not go out.外面很冷,你最好不要出去。
2.在let,make,see, feel, watch,hear等感官或使役动词后,要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如: 。
I made them give me the money back.我迫使他们把钱还给我。
I didn]t see you come in.我没看见你进来。
3.在引导疑问句的why not之后。
#Why not+不带to的不定式#是Why don]t you do…的省略,可以用来提出建议或劝告。例如: 。
Why not go with us。为什么不和我们一起去呢。
Why not take a holiday。=Why don]t you take a holiday。为什么不休个假呢。
三。动词不定式作主语
不定式结构作主语时,现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语,而把不定式结构后置的形式。参见本期本面《#小鬼it#它当家》中it作形式主语的用法。
四。动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。例如: 。
I have nothing to say on this question.对这个问题我无可奉告。
五。动词不定式作宾语
有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(即宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语,则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上,而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。例如: 。
I find it useful to learn English well.我发现学好英语很有用。
We thought it wrong not to tell her.我们认为不告诉她是错误的。
六。动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点,学习时要注意以下三种情况: 。
1.作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to不可以省略。例如: 。
He asked me to talk about English study.他请我谈谈英语学习。
2.作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to要省略。例如: 。
The teacher made him say the word like this.老师让他像这样说这个单词。
3.作动词help的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to可以带,也可以不带。例如: 。
Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box。你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗。
七。动词不定式作状语
动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性,可在句中用作状语。
1.放在句首也可以放在句尾表示目的等。例如: He stopped to have a rest.他停下来休息。
2.跟在作表语的形容词或过去分词的后面。例如: 。
I]m sorry to hear that.听到这事我感到很难过。
3.用在too... to...结构中。例如: 。
He is too young to understand all that.他太年轻了,不能理解这件事。
(一)动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式(The Infinitive)是动词的一种语法形式.动词不定式由to与动词原形构成(在某些情况下省略to).动词不定式在句中可以起名词、形容词和副词作用,能够充当除谓语以外的各种句子成份.因此,动词不定式属于非谓语动词的一种.。
1.动词不定式作主语(谓语用第三人称单数)
e.g.:
To learn English well is not an easy thing .。
学好英语并不是件容易的事情.
To walk in the park every morning is a great pleasure .。
每天早晨在公园散散步是件很快乐的事.。
To make a speach here is an honour .。
在这儿演说很荣幸.
当不定式作主语时,英语中习惯上用形式主语it来代替,放在句首,而把真正的主语��动词不定式(短语)放在后面,上面的例句可以分别改成:
It is not an easy thing to learn English well .。
It is a great pleasure to walk in the park every morning .。
It is not polite to play tricks on others .。
It is wrong to tell lies .。
It is an honour to make a speach here .。
我们可以把“It is (not)+形容词或名词+动词不定式”作为常用句型来记.。
e.g.:
It is difficult to find some water here .。
在这儿找点水是很困难的.
It is necessary to buy a computer for her .。
误了这场足球赛很遗憾.
除了动词be以外,动词take,cost ,require,make也可以用于以上结构.。
e.g.
It takes three hours to walk there .。
步行到那儿要花费三个小时.
It requires efforts to master a language .。
掌握一门语言须要下功夫.
It made us delighted to find a good book .。
发现一本好书使我们高兴.
但在疑问句和感叹句中,只能用it作先行词的结构.。
e.g.
What a pleasure it is to work with them !。
和他们一起工作多么令人高兴啊!。
Isn”t it a good idea to make a trip 。
进行一次短途旅行不是个好主意吗?。
在it作形式主语的结构中,通常用for +名词或代词作不定式的逻辑主语,表示不定式所表示的动作的特征.。
e.g.
It is possible for him to master the art of speaking .。
他掌握演讲艺术是可能的.
It is not right for them to stop the test halfway .。
他们中途停止试验是不对的.
注意与结构It + be +形容词+ of +名词或代词+ to不定式的区别,该结构表示不定式逻辑主语的特征.用于这个结构的形容词多为说明主语特征的形容词,如foolish,clever,stupid,nice,kind,rude,careless等.。
e.g.
2.动词不定式作表语(主语多为表示意图、劝告等词)
e.g.
My idea is to turn back right now .。
我的意思是立退返回.
Our plan is to finish the work in five days .。
我们的计划是三天后完成这项工作.。
His wish is to become a scientist .。
他的愿望是成为一名科学家.
3.作宾语(跟在某些动词后)
常与动词不定式作宾语的及物动词有:agree,begin,start,choose,decide,fail,forget,hope,learn,like,want,wish等.。
e.g.
The girl began to learn swimming when she was only three .。
这个女孩只有三岁时就开始学习游泳.。
Do you like to listen to the pop music 。
你喜欢听流行音乐吗?
Don”t forget to hand in your maths exercises tomorrow morning .。
别忘了明天早晨交数学练习.
She wanted to send a postcard to her friend in Los Angeles .。
她想给她在洛杉机的朋友寄一张明信片.。
He decided to take a trip to Hainan .。
他决定去海南旅游.
4.作宾语补足语:(某些动词可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,即复合宾语的第二部分)
(1)跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词有:ask,tell,want,order等.。
不定式有很多用途
1、作为主语,一般来说,若指具体的一时一事,特别是未来的动作,多用动词不定式.。
2、不定式可跟在系动词后做补语,一般来说,提及某人的建议、意愿、目的时,多用不定式.。
3、做动词的宾语,跟在agree、learn、want.后.。
还有要看看具体语境了,希望有帮助.。
一、动词不定式在句子中不能充当谓语,没有人称和数的变化。
二、动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成(有时可以不带to)。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。
三、动词不定式短语具有名词、形容词和副词等的功能,可在句中用做多种句子成分。
1、主语:常置于句末,而用it代替其做形式主语。
例:To go in for sports helps you stay fit.(book4 L28)。
It helps you stay fit to go in for sports.。
It is dangerous to swim in the deep sea on your own.。
注:此句式中不定式逻辑上的主语可由for或of引出,逻辑主语由of引出时,表语的形容词为kind,nice,good,polite,clever,foolish,right,wrong等表示。
评价的形容词。例:It's right for him to refuse the invitation.(him为逻辑主语)。
2、表语:Our duty is to protect the environment.。
3、动词宾语:此种情况可按固定搭配或句式去记。
例:Would you like to see my photos?。
Kevin planned to visit his uncle.(book4,L11)。
和plan用法一样的词还有:start,want,agree,hope,begin,decide等。
I found it very difficult to get a job.(it为形式宾语)。
4、宾语补足语:(1)在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带to:
例:I asked a friend to read it to me.(book4,L2)。
(2)在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词。
(see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,make,let,have,help等)后不带to。
例:They heard him sing a pop song in the meeting room.。
5、定语:动词不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词的后面。
例:Vinny is the first disabled person to sail around the world.(book4,L1)。
6、形容词补足语:在表示心理、感情、评价等的形容词后,对其进行补充说明。
例:We are very glad to meet you again.。
7、状语:表示目的、原因、程度等。
例:They brought in photos of their families for me to look at.(book4,L2)。
8、“疑问词+不定式”用法:不定式前可带what,who,which,where,when,how等疑问词,这种不定式短语在句中多用做宾语。
例:He didn't tell me where to go.。
9、在初中阶段还涉及到“不定式被动语态一般式(to be+过去分词)”
例:There are twenty more trees to be planted. 。
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavour hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake。
举例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.。
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.。
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式。
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell。
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.。
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。